XII

INTRODUCTION

Russians abroad to be educated ; Feodore I. had senttheological students to Constantinople; and Borishad sent young men of good family to complete theireducation at Ltibeck, and even in France and Eng-land. Peter abolished the office of Patriarch, andassumed the virtual control of ecclesiastical affairs ;under Ivan the Terrible had appeared the ‘ Book ofthe Hundred Chapters,’ by which the affairs of theChurch were regulated. Peter founded academiesand superior schools ; in the reign of his brother Feo-dore, a High School had already been establishedat Moscow. The municipal reforms introduced byPeter the Great were in reality copies of institutionsalready existing in Little Russia, which were ex-tended to the rest of the country. Even in whatmay be called his nautical procedure he was notentirely without precedent to guide him. As farback as the Tsar Michael’s time Dutch and Englishshipwrights had migrated first to Archangel, andthen to Voronezh, where the building of flat-bottomedvessels became a thriving business. Alexis, Peter’sfather, employed some of them to build for him acraft variously described as a ship of war and as ayacht. The destruction of this vessel by the insur-gent Cossacks in 1671, in Stenka Razin’s revolt, ismentioned by Charnock in his ‘ History of MarineArchitecture.’ One of the shipwrights engaged inher construction was the Karsten Brant, whose nameis so closely associated with Peter’s first essays inship-building. It was the same in smaller matters.Demetrius, like Peter afterwards, had his sham fightsand mimic sieges. About 1670 Yury Kryshanitchpublished proposals for the forcible reform of the