THE WKAI.TII OF NATIONS.

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sible, the colonies to one particular market; and the differ-ence is very great between being excluded from one particularmarket, when all others are open, and being confined to oneparticular market, when all others are shut up. The surplusproduce of the colonics, however, is the original source of allthat increase of enjoyments and industry which Europe de-rives from the discovery and colonization of America ; and theexclusive trade of the mother countries tends to render thissource much less abundant than it otherwise would be.

The particular advantages which each colonizing countryderives from the colonies which particularly belong to it, areof two different kinds; first, those common advantages whichevery empire derives from the provinces subject to its domi-nion; and, secondly, those peculiar advantages which arcsupposed to result from provinces of so very peculiar a natureas the European colonies of America .

The common advantages which every empire derives lromthe provinces subject to its dominion, consist, first, in the mi-litary force which they furnish for its defence; and, secondly,in the revenue which they furnish for the support of its civilgovernment. The Roman colonies furnished occasionally boththe one and the other. The Greek colonies, sometimes, fur-nished a military force; but seldom any revenue. They seldomacknowledged themselves subject to the dominion of themother city. They were generally her allies in war, but veryseldom her subjects in peace.

The European colonies of America have never yet furnishedany military force for the defence of the mother country. Themilitary force has never yet been sufficient for their own de-fence; and in the different wars in which the mother countrieshave been engaged, the defence of their colonics has gene-rally occasioned a very considerable distraction of the mili-tary force of those countries. In this respect, therefore, allthe European colonies have, without exception, been a causerather of weakness than of strength to their respective mothercountries.

1 he colonies of Spain and Portugal only have contributed•my revenue towards the defence of the mother country, or thesupport of her civil government. The taxes which have beenlevied upon those of other European nations, upon those ofEngland in particular, have seldom been equal to the expensehud out upon them in time of peace, and never sufficient todefray that which they occasioned in time of war. Such co-

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