f) 24 TDK NATURE AND CAUSES OF

grade by the humiliating appellation of the barren or unpro-ductive class.

The class of proprietors contributes to the annual produceby the expense which they may occasionally lay out upon theimprovement of the land, upon the buildings, drains, enclo-sures and other ameliorations, which they may either makeor maintain upon it, and by means of which the cultivatorsare enabled, with the same capital, to raise a greater produce,and consequently to pay a greater rent. This advanced rentmay be considered as the interest or profit due to the pro-prietor upon the expense or capital which he thus employsin the improvement of his land. Such expenses are in thissystem called ground expenses (depenses foncieres).

The cultivators or farmers contribute to the annual produceby what are in this system called the original and annualexpenses (depenses primitives et depenses annuellcs) whichthey lay out upon the cultivation of the land. The originalexpenses consist in the instruments of husbandry, in the stockof cattle, in the seed, and in the maintenance of the farmer’sfamily, servants, and cattle, during at least a great part of thefirst year of his occupancy, or till he can receive some returnfrom the land. The annual expenses consist in the seed, inthe wear and tear of the instruments of husbandry, and in theannual maintenance of the farmer’s servants and cattle, andof his family too, so far as any part of them can be consideredas servants employed in cultivation. That part of the pro-duce of the land which remains to him after paying the rentought to be sufficient, first, to replace to him within a rea-sonable time, at least during the term of his occupancy, thewhole of his original expenses, together with the ordinaryprofits of stock; and, secondly, to replace to him annually thewhole of his annual expenses, together likewise with the or-dinary profits of stock. Those two sorts of expenses are twocapitals which the farmer employs in cultivation; and unlessthey are regularly restored to him, together with a reasonableprofit, he cannot carry on his employment upon a level withother employments; but, from a regard to his own interest,must desert it as soon as possible, and seek some other. Thatpart of the produce of the land which is thus necessary forenabling the farmer to continue his business, ought to be con-sidered as a fund sacred to cultivation, which if the landlordviolates, he necessarily reduces the produce of his own land,and in a few years not only disables the farmer from paying