926

INDEX.

penses of these ranks ought only to be taxed,841.

Persecution for religious opinions, the truecause of, 740.

Peru , the discovery of the silver mines in,occasioned those in Europe to be in a greatmeasure abandoned, 167. These mines yieldbut small profit to the proprietors, ib. Taxpaid to the king of Spain from these mines,197. The early accounts of the splendour andstate of arts in this country, greatly exagge-rated, 199. Present state of, under the Spa­ nish government, 200. 'The working of themines there become gradually more expen-sive, 210. Low state of aits there when firstdiscovered, 520. Is probably more populousnow, than at any former period, ib.

Philosophy, natural, the origin and objectsof, 720. Moral , the nature of, explained, 721.Logic, the origin and employment of, 722.

Physicians, why amply rewarded for theirlabour, 105.

Physics, the ancient system of, explained,722.

Pinmaking, the extraordinary advantageof a division of labour in this art, 12.

Plate of private families, the melting itdown to supply state exigencies, an insigni-ficant resource, 405. New plate is chiellymade from old, 509.

Ploughmen, their knowledge more exten-sive than the generality of mechanics, 127.

Pneumatics, the scienceof,explained, 725.

Powre, M. his account of the agricultureof Cochin China , 155*

Poland , a country still kept in poverty bythe feudal system of its government, 235.

Political economy, the two distinct ob-jects, and two different systems of, 393. Thepresent agricultural system of, adopted byFrench philosophers, described, 622. Classesof the people who contribute to the annualproduce of the land, 623. How proprietorscontribute, 624. How cultivators contribute,ib. Artificers and manufacturers, unproduc-tive, 625. The unproductive classes main-tained by the others, 6213. Bad tendency ofrestrictions and prohibitions in trade, 631.How this system is delineated by M. Que-snai, 632. The bad elfects of an injudiciouspolitical economy, how corrected, 634. Thecapital error in this system pointed out, ib.

Poll-taxes, origin of, under the feudal go-vernment, 371. Why esteemed badges ofslavery, 810. The nature of, considered,820.

Poor, history of the laws made for the pro-vision of, in England, 136.

Pope of Home, the great power formerlyassumed by, 751. His power how reduced,754. Rapid progress of the reformation, 757.

Population, riches and extreme povertyequally unfavourable to, 80. Is limited bythe means of subsistence, til. 162.

Porter, the proportion of malt used in

brewing 842.

Portugal , the cultivation of the countrynot advanced by its commerce, 391. Thevalue of gold and silver there, depreciatedby prohibiting their exportation, 472. Trans-lation of the commercial treaty concluded in1703 with England, 505. A large share ofthe Portugal gold sent annually to England,506. Motives that led to the discovery of apassage to the East round the Cape of Good Hope , 518. Lost its manufactures by ac-quiring rich and fertile colonics, 570.

Post-office, a mercantile project well cal-culated for being managed by a government,770.

Potatoes, remarks on, as an article offood, 158. Culture and great produce of,159. The difficulty of preserving them thegreat obstacle to cultivating them for generaldiet, ib. 160.

Poverty, sometimes urges nations to inhu-man customs, 9. Is no check to the produc-tion of children, 80. But very unfavourableto raising of them, 81.

Poultry, the cause of their cheapness, 220.Is a more important article of rural eco-nomy in France than in England, ib.

Pragmatic sanction in France , the objectof, 756. Is followed by the concordat, ib.

Preferments, ecclesiastical, the means bywhich a national clergy ought to be managedby the civil magistrate, 749. Alterations inthe mode of electing to them, 751. 756.

Presbyterian church government, the na-ture of, described, 761. Character of theclergy of, 762. 765.

Prices, real and nominal, of commoditiesdistinguished, 38. Money price of goods ex-plained, 50. Rent for land enters into theprice of the greater part of all commodities,53. The component parts of the prices ofgoods explained, ib. Natural and marketprices distinguished, and how governed, 58.88. Though raised at Jirst by an increase ofdemand, are always reduced by it in the re-sult, 705.

Primogeniture, origin and motive of thelaw of succession by, under the feudal go-vernment, 359. Is contrary to the real inte-rests of families, 361.

Princes, why not well calculated to ma-nage mercantile projects for the sake of a re-venue, 770.

Prodigality, the natural tendency of, bothto the individual and to the public, 318.Prodigal men enemies to their country, 322.

Produce of land and labour, the source ofall revenue, 313. The value of, how to beincieased, 324.

Professors in universities, circumstanceswhich determine their merit, 763.

Profit, the various articles of gain thatpass under the common idea of, 56. An ave-rage rate of, in all countries, 58. Averagesof, extremely difficult to ascertain. *39. Inte-rest of money the best standard of, ib. Thediminution of, a natural consequence of proa-