CONIFERS.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

71

in whose forests Juniperus has four representatives, and in eastern Asia five or six species are widelydistributed . 1 One of the endemic species of North America crosses the continent, another is confined towestern Texas and the adjacent portions of Mexico , and the remainder belong to the forests of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific side of the continent. Two species common to both hemispheres extend atthe north across the continent, one of them a small tree and the other, in its American form, a prostrateshrub . 2 Impressions of Juniperus found in the tertiary rocks of Europe , although not abundant,indicate that the genus, nearly in its present form, has long inhabited the earth . 3

The close-grained durable fragrant wood of Juniperus is used for posts, in construction, and in themanufacture of many small articles, the most valuable timber-trees of the genus being the North American Juniperus Virginiana and the Asiatic Juniperus excelsa ; 4 and the bark of many of the

stunted, and assumes a decumbent or prostrate habit. It is thenthe : —

var. squamata, Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr . xvi. pt. ii. 482(1868). — Hooker f. FI. Brit. Ind. v. 647.

Juniperus squamata, I). Don, Prodr. FI. Nepal. 55 (1825).Lambert, Pinus , ii. 17.

Juniperus excelsa, 0 nana, Endlicher, Syn. ConiJ. 26 (1847).

Sabina squamata, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 66, t. 89, 90(1857).

Juniperus densa, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 32 (1862).

Juniperus recurva is distributed oyer high mountain-slopes fromAfghanistan to Sikkim and Bbotan, rarely descending below alti-tudes of seven thousand feet, and often in its prostrate form reach-ing elevations of fifteen thousand feet. Common as a tree in Sik­ kim between nine thousand and twelve thousand feet above thesea-level, it is shrubby on the northwestern Himalayas , where itoften covers large areas with long decumbent stems running on orjust below the surface of the ground, and numerous short erectbranches. At high elevations the fragrant red wood is used asfuel. The young branches are employed in distilling spirits, andalso for the decoration of temples during religious festivals. Thefragrant resinous leaves are used in the manufacture of incense,and are gathered in large quantities in Sikkim and sent to theplains for this purpose. (See Brandis, Forest FI. Brit. Ind. 537.—Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 412.)

1 Thunberg, FI. Jap. 264. — Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad.Munch, iv. 233 ; FI. Jap. ii. 55. — Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St.Petersbourg, xii. 230 (Mel. Biol. vi. 374).—Miquel, Ann. Mus.Lugd. Bat. iii. 167 (Prol. FI. Jap.). —Franchet & Savatier, Enum.PI. Jap. i. 471. — Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. &4v. 2, v. 291 (PLDavid, i.).

2 Juniperus Sabina prostrata, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2498, f. 2361(1838). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 111.

Juniperus Sabina, Michaux, FI. Bor.-Am. ii. 246 (not Linnseus)(1803). — Hooker, FI. Bor.-Am. ii. 166.

Juniperus prostrata, Persoon, Syn. ii. 632 (1807). — Richardson,Franklin Jour. Appx. No. 7, 753. — Torrey, Compend. FI. N.States, 377. — Carrifere, Traite Conif. 26. — Gordon, Pinetum,106.

Juniperus Sabina, var. procumbens, Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. ii. 647(1814). — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 591. — Macoun,Cat . Can. PI. 463. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 494.

Juniperus repens, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 245 (1818).

Cupressus thyoides, Hooker, l. c. 165 (not Linnseus) (1839).

Juniperus Sabina, 0 humilis, Hooker, l. c. 166 (1839).

Juniperus Hudsonica, Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 208 (1839).

Juniperus Virginiana prostrata, Torrey, FI. N. Y. ii. 235(1843)— Provancher, Flore Canadienne, ii. 559.

Juniperus Virginiana, var. humilis, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 425(1856).

Juniperus Sabina (Linnaeus , Spec. 1039 [1753]), of which the North American plant is considered a prostrate form, is an erect shrubor small bushy tree occasionally twelve or fifteen feet tall, widelyspread through central and southern Europe and Siberia , with bit-ter strong-smelling wood and branchlets. In North America theprostrate form is distributed from southern Maine northward tothe shores of Hudson’s Bay, and westward in British America fromNewfoundland through Quebec and Ontario and across the centralprairie region to the summits of the Rocky Mountains , and throughnorthern New England and New York , along the shores of theGreat Lakes to northern Minnesota , and over the mountain rangesas far west as the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Mon­ tana .

3 Saporta, Origine Paleontologique des Arbres, 100. — Zittel,Handb. Palceontolog. ii. 329, f. 228.

' 4 Marschall von Bieberstein, Beschreib. Land. Casp. Meer. 204,Appx. No. 72 (1800) ; FI. Taur.-Cauc. ii. 425. — Willdenow , Spec.iv. pt. ii. 854. — Forbes, l. c. 205, t. 64. — Trautvetter, PI.Imag. FI. Russ. 21, t. 15. — Endlicher, l. c. 25. — Parlatore, l. c.484.

Juniperus Sabina, Pallas, FI. Ross. ii. 15 (not Linnaeus )(1788).

Juniperus Sabina, var. excelsa, Georgi, Beschreib. Russ. Reichs,iii. 1358 (1802).

Juniperus fietida, e excelsa, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. stSr. 2, xvi.297 (Revision des Juniperus ) (excl. liab. America ) (1841).

Juniperus polycarpos, K. Koch, Linnasa, xxii. 303 (1849).Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure, iii. 492.

Juniperus isophylla, K. Koch, l. c. 304 (1849).— Tchihatcheff,

l.c.

Juniperus Olivieri, Carrihre, l. c. 57 (1855). Tchihatcheff, l. c.493.

Sabina excelsa, Antoine, l. c. 45, t. 60, 62, f. E-T (1847).

Sabina polycarpos, Antoine, l. c. 47, t. 63, 66, f. A-D (1857).

Sabina isophyllos, Antoine, l. c. 48, t. 64, 65, 66, f. E-G(1857).

Juniperus macropoda, Boissier, FI. Orient, v. 709 (1884). —Hooker f. FI. Brit. Ind. v. 647. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 114.Juniperus excelsa is distributed from the islands of the GrecianArchipelago over the mountain ranges of Asia Minor , Arabia , andPersia to northwestern India and Thibet , where it inhabits barearid regions at high elevations, sometimes ascending to 15,000 feetabove the sea-level. In habit it varies from a low bush to a tree,which on the Himalayas is sometimes fifty feet in height, with ashort gnarled crooked trunk occasionally ten feet in diameter, andan irregular head of short contorted branches. The wood is fra-