CONIFERjE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

129

THUYA GIGANTEA.

Red Cedar. Canoe Cedar.

Fruit large, with usually 6 fertile scales. Wood dull red-brown.

Thuya gigantea, Nuttall, Jour. Phil. Acad. vii. pt. i. 52(1834) ; Sylva, iii. 102, t. 91. — Hooker, FI. Bor.-Am.ii. 165. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi. 342. — Endlicher, Syn.Conif. 52. — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Bond.v. 206.—Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. pt. ii. 56, f.22. — Carrifere, Traitc Conif. 105 (in part). — Gordon,Pinetum, 321 (in part); Suppl. 102. — Torrey, Bot.Mex. Bound. Sure. 211. — Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep.xii. pt. ii. 69; Am. Nat. iii. 413. — Lyall, Jour. Linn.Soc. vii. 133, 144. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh.280 (in part). — (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacece, 67. — Parla-tore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 457. — R. BrownCampst. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh , ix. 367. — Hoopes,Evergreens , 315. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 176. — En-gelmann, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 115. — Veitch,

Man. Conif. 256. — Regel, Russ. Dendr. ed. 2, i. 20. —Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10 th Census U. S. ix.177. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 68. — Mayr,Wald. Nordam. 319, f. 13, t. 6, f., t. 8, f. — Lemmon, Rep.California State Board Forestry, iii. 171, t. 20, 21 ( Cone-Bearers of California ). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 46,f. 6, 7. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 251. — Han-sen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 270 (Pinetum Danicum). —Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 48.

Thuya Menziesii, Carrihre, Traite Conif. 106 (1855)_

Gordon, Pinetum, 323. — (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacece,67. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 281.

Thuya plicata, Sudwortk, Rep. U. S. Dept. Agric. 1892, 328(probably not D. Don) (1893). — Lemmon, West-Ameri-can Cone-Bearers, 72.

A tree, with short horizontal branches, usually pendulous at the extremities, which often clothe thestem nearly to the ground until it is sixty or seventy feet tall, frequently attaining a height of twohundred feet, with a broad buttressed base sometimes fifteen feet in diameter and tapering graduallyuntil the trunk is not more than five or six feet thick at twelve or fifteen feet above the ground ; 1 in oldage the trunk often separates toward the summit into two or three erect divisions, and forms a densenarrow pyramidal spire, or, when the tree has been crowded in the forest, a short narrow crown. Thebark of the trunk is bright cinnamon-red, from one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness, andirregularly divided by narrow shallow fissures into broad ridges rounded on the back and broken onthe surface into long narrow rather loose plate-like fibrous scales. The branchlets are slender, muchcompressed, often slightly zigzag, light bright yellow-green during their first year, then cinnamon-brown, and when the leaves have fallen, usually in their third year, lustrous and dark reddish brownoften tinged with purple; the lateral branchlets, which turn yellow and fall generally at the end oftheir second season, are often five or six inches in length, light yellow-green and lustrous on the uppersurface, and somewhat paler on the lower. On leading shoots the leaves are ovate, long-pointed, oftenconspicuously glandular on the back, and frequently a quarter of an inch in length, and on the lateralbranchlets they are ovate, apiculate, eglandular or obscurely glandular-pitted, and usually not morethan an eighth of an inch long. The flowers are about one twelfth of an inch in length and darkbrown. The fruit, which ripens early in the autumn, is clustered near the ends of the branches andmuch reflexed, and is half an inch long, with thin leathery scales conspicuously marked near the apexby the free border of the flower-scales, which are furnished with short stout erect or recurved darkmucros. The scales of two or of three of the central ranks bear seeds; there are often three in numberunder each scale, and rather shorter than their wings, which are nearly one quarter of an inch inlength, and usually slightly unequal.

Thuya gigantea is widely and generally distributed, but nowhere forms pure forests, growingsingly or in small groves generally on low moist bottom-lands or near the banks of mountain streams,

1 Garden and Forest, iv. 109, f. 23.