BLEACHING.

145

yhich the apparatus is worked, first by the water-whee] or steam-engine, and then by itsintrinsic operation, puts it completely out of the power of servants to slight the work;not to speak of the great saving of alkali, which, in many cases, has been found toamount to 25 per cent.

A simple modification of the bowlang apparatus is shown in figs. 124, 125, 126 ; the

first being a vertical section, thesecond*a horizontal section in theline x of the first. It consists ottwo parts: the upper wide part,a, a, serves for the reception of thegoods, and the lower or pot, b, forholding the ley; c c is an irongrating, shown apart in fig. 126.The grating has numerous squareapertures in the middle of thedisc, to which the rising pipe d isscrewed fast. The upper cylinderis formed of cast iron, or of sheetiron well riveted at the edges; orsometimes of wood, this beingsecured at its under edge into agroove in the top edge of the ley-pot. The mouth of the cylinder-is constructed usually of sheetiron, e e is the fire-grate, whoseupper surface is shown in fig. 125;it is made of cast iron, in threepieces. The flame is parted at /, and passes throughthe two apertures g g, into the flues h h, so as to playround the pot, as is visible in Jig. 125; and escapes bytwo outlets into ■ the chimney. The apertures i iserve for occasionally sleaning out the flues h h, andare, at other times, shut with an iron plate. In thepartition /, which separates the two openings g g,and the flues h h, running round the pot, there is acircular space at the point marked with k, fig. 125, inwhich the large pipe for discharging the waste ley islodged. The upper large cylinder should be incasedin wood, with an intermediate space filled with saw-dust, to confine the heat. The action of this appa-ratus is exactly the same as of that already explained.

Besides the boiling, bucking, and other appa-ratus above described, the machinery and utensilsused in bleaching are various, according to thebusiness done by the bleacher. When linen orheavy cotton cloths are whitened, and the businessis carried on to a considerable extent, the machinesare both complicated and expensive. They con-sist chiefly of a water-wheel, sufficiently powerfulfor giving motion to the wash-stocks, dash-wheels,squeezers, &c., with any other operations wherepower is required.

Figs. 127, 128, represent a pair of wash-stocks.A A are called the stocks, or feet. They are sus-pended on iron pivots at b, and receive their mo--- min j n tion from wipers on the revolving shaft c. The

7® tur nhead r D ’ an< ^ ^y the alternate strokes of the feet, and the curved form oftmndant stream* 11 ? c * otl1 * s wasl i e ^ an d gradually turned. At the same time, ane furnhead. water rushes on the cloth throughout holes in the upper part ot

Untry they ar „ as h~ st °cks are much used in Scotland and in Ireland . In the latter„ d brought with * en n ? a< ^? w ith double feet, suspended above and below two turnheads,°m, 24 to 3o cranas instead of wipers. Wash-stocks, properly constructed, makeThis mode of ^wa e h per “ iMte -

Ij. e . a to tvhat are cnli" 1 ^ j' s now ent ' re !y given up in Lancashire , where a preference isin 'dfide of which i<r . as ij _ yheels and squeezers. The dash are small water-wheels,

ac h compartment for V putt' * nt ° com P artments , and closed up, leaving only a hole

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