CARMINE.

267

card, by means of a sliding fork, the points of which are presented to the face of theleather; while the fork is made to advance and recede continually, by the agency oflevers worked by rotatory cams upon a revolving main shaft.

The points of the fork being thus made to penetrate into the leather, the holes forreceiving the staples are pierced at regular distances, and in correct order, by shifting theleather fillet so as to bring different parts of its surface opposite to the points of thesliding fork. This is done by cams, or indented wheels and gear, which shift the guiderollers and confining drums laterally, as they revolve, and consequently move the fillet ofleather at intervals a short distance, so as to present to the points of the fork or piercer,st*every movement, a different part of the surface of the leather. .

Thirdly, the wire of which the teeth or points of the card are to be made, is suppliedfrom a coil on the side of the machine, and is brought forward at intervals by a pair°f sliding pincers, which are slidden to and fro through the agency of levers actuated byr otatory cams upon the main shaft. The pincers having advanced a distance equal to‘he length of wire intended to form one staple or two points, this length of wire isPressed upon exactly in the middle by a square piece of steel, and being there confined,a entter is brought forward, which cuts it off from that part of the wire held in the pincers.

The length of wire thus separated and confined is now, by a movement of the machine,“^ttt up along the sides of the square steel holder, and shaped to three edges of the square,' aat is, formed as a staple; and in the same way, by the continued movements of theln achine, a succession of pieces of wire are cut off, and bent into staples for making theGf dh 0 f t | ie car( j ag j on ^ ag ^ mec hanism is kept in action.

Fourthly, the wire staple thus formed is held with its points or ends outwards, closelyj^tiguous to the forked piercer described above, and by another movement of the me-a nism, the staple is protruded forward, its end entering into the two holes made pre-10| *sly in the leather by the sliding of the fork,to the wire staple is being thus introduced into the leather, its legs or points are'-p, r e bent, that is, formed with a knee or angle, which is the fifth object to be effected.

done by means of a small apparatus consisting of a bar or bed, which hears uphn^ lnS ‘ E un ^ er side, of the wire staple when it has been passed half way into thes . es in the leather, and another bar above it, which, being brought down behind thee v* 6 ,’ bends it over the resisting bar to the angle required; that is, forms the knee in-, a ’ey. ^ p Us her now acts behind the staple, and drives it home into the leather,

^hich

_ completes the operation,sivpi ^ ea ^her being thus conducted, and its position shifted before the piercer progres-sion) ^ succession of the above described operations of cutting the wire, fbrming thea, sh ^ ^ as:3 ' n " ^ into the leather, and bending its legs to the angular form, producescart * the kind usually employed for carding or combing wool, cotton, andquire i ar ° Us materials. It may be necessary to add, that as these wire staples are re-rib’ De( i to set in the leathers sometimes in lines crossing the sheet, which is calledby ^ s an d at other times in oblique lines, called twilled, these variations are produceddent e !i Potions of the notches or steps upon the edsre or periphery of the cam or in-i X ybeel, which shifts the guide rollers that hold the fillet or sheet of leather as

^scribed.

to tt> a ■MINE (Eng. and Fr.; Karminstoff i Germ.) is, according to Pelletier and Caven-Coc Mnei C COm P ounc i of the coloring substance, and an animal matter contained inui'ticle \ 5 aom bined with an acid added to effect the precipitation. The preparation of thisfew p er stl ^ a mystery, because, upon the one hand, its consumption being very limited,costly e ? t ns are en "aged in its manufacture, and upon the other, the raw material being^iLai nSlVe ex P eiam ents on it cannot be conveniently made. Success in this busi-instant for t0 ^ e P en ^ not a little upon dexterity of manipulation, and upon knowing the

There im’ther action of heat upon the materials.

Possessed of’ ^ shops different kinds of carmine, distinguished by numbers, and

a Pon the n ^ COI 7 es P onc ling value. This difference depends upon two causes; eitherT^miliou P ro ? ortlc m °f alumina added in the precipitation, or of a certain quantity of« a s not the sa m \° a ^ ute c °i° r * In the first case the shade is paler, in the second it% a vailino-" 0 , me | ustre - It is always easy to discover the proportion of the adulteration.!|* e whole foreh* VGS P ro P ert y of pure carmine to dissolve in water of ammonia,

residuum ° a matter re mains untouched, and we may estimate its amount by drying

T * 1 ' i sar c ”‘*-

8 drachms of'° f carbonat e of potash ;

T 3 drachms and 1™,“ ’

y A he cochineal must be b -i°f aS h-glue.

n °f Water (60 pints)- tt,,? 1 k* ab>n S with the potash in a copper containing five pails-’ ooullition being allayed with cold water. After boiling a