COTTON MANUFACTURE.

353

rollers, when a full one is to be removed, and replaced by an empty one. m, at the top,is the commencement of the pipe which leads to the suction fan, or ventilator. The.thickness of the lap in this machine must be nicely regulated, as it determines, in aS r eat measure, the grist of the card-ends, and even the rovings. In 12 hours such a lapMachine will prepare 650 pounds of cotton.

320 is the first scutching machine, now never seen except in the oldest factories.^ B is the feed cloth; g h and m n are the two scutcher frames.

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the * s the next operation in a cotton factory. Cards are destined to disentangle

houhl { V ^ Ua l filaments from each other, and to lay. them lengthwise, instead of being^ach' ant * convoluted > as usually are in leaving the blowing and lap

v > laes -. Carding consists in the mutual action of two opposite surfaces, which arey ed thick with oblique angled hooks. The wires of which these hooks are made must%ure*^ ^ art ^ draWn * n order to render them stiff and elastic. The middle part of the21 s shows one of the staples or double teeth, the structure of which has been partly321 322

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!ln othe' r eC *- l,n ^ er ^ AKI> . Suppose a, fig. 321, to be a piece of a card fillet, and b to beare set ; PIece > each being made fast with pins to a board; the teeth of these two cardsa flock n 1 op P° s ’ te directions, but are very near together, and parallel. Now supposehi the <j- r tU .^ °f cotton placed between.two such bristling surfaces. Let a be movedretn a j n lrecl i°n of its arrow, and let b be moved in the opposite direction, or even let it''vhen th • rest - Every filament of the cotton will be laid hold of by each set of teeth,f >r iv ar | V surfaces are thus drawn over each other; the teeth of a will pull them in aThe loo * rec *’ on > while those of 6 will tend to retain them, or to pull them backwards,flocks will't, r t * ou ^' n = s will, by both movements, be opened or drawn out, so that theother, j. converted into rows of parallel filaments, lying alongside or before eachsides, a s toot h Will secure to itself one or more of them, and by the friction of itsThough e fl as the hooks of its points, will draw them to their utmost elongation,htent, y et e str oke of the opposite cards be inadequate to produce this equable arrange-'fle fibres if lan 7 re P eate d strokes must infallibly accomplish the end in view, of lavingLet n s Para " el -

^ard a, a j Pp P° se this end effected, and that all the fibres have been transferred to the■ 'wed at eac jJ n& . ve J' se stroke of b will draw over to it a certain number of them, and in-par alleij SIn , s , te there will be a new partition between the two cards, with increasedCar d strip anrv, Stil1 eac *' car ^ will retain a.great deal of the cotton. To make one"j(Wn i a jig 322 ^ l ** e teet ^ °f one °f them must be placed in a reverse position, as

opt alT'n <Pf ? Wn ’ n the direction of its arrow along the face of b , it will inevitably° a ) no nowJi. 8 r ° St ?'?’ fil amel >ts from it, since the hooks of b have, in this po-°P* a ? Point of h . re * a ' n ' a S them. Even the doubled fibres or loops will slip over thePositions of tj, e ’ ! ? obedience to the traction of a. By considering these two relativePers on will Upfi take P la ce in hand cards, simply by reversing one of them

pfjnst another cvl' ) l ° un ^ el ' stanl l the play of a cylinder card against its fiat top, orint^ 011 °f fig. qo/. ' er caf fl> the respective teeth being in what we may call the leasing^ aa t may b'p pan’ , an . a a ' so t ' le P^y °f a cylinder card against the doffer cylinder,

We?p yli , n<ler cards ln lhe st . ri fP in ? P osition of A*. 322.

rnd v tlle ingenious 6SS ? atla p t0 'be continuity and despatch of cotton factory labor,“fought into n„ V( , !1, ' !0 v 11 ,°f Lewis Paul of Northampton, but were greatly improvednearly their present operative state by Sir Richard Arkwright . A23