368

COTTON MANUFACTURE.

turns faster, it must receive a peculiar motion, which is uniformly retarded in the ratioof its increase of diameter. This is the case with the fine bobbin and fly frame. Whenthe cone is placed as in fig. 332, the winding-on, in either the coarse or fine frame, re-sults from the difference, whether greater or less, between the rotatory speed of the flierand bobbin.

The motion of the bobbin and spindle is simultaneous, and takes place in the samedirection, with a difference varying more or less with the varying diameters of thebobbins. To render the matter still clearer, suppose for a moment the spindle to bemotionless, then the bobbin must revolve with such a speed as to lap-on the roving asfast as the rollers deliver it. The sliver comes forward uniformly; but the bobbin, byits increase of diameter, must revolve with a speed progressively slower. Now, sup-pose the spindle set a-whirling, it is obvious that the bobbin must add to the movementrequisite for winding-on the sliver, that of the spindle in the case of winding-on inarrear, or when it follows the fliers, and subtract its own motion from the twistingmotion of the spindles, in the case of winding-on in advance, that is, when the bobbinprecedes or turns faster than the fliers; for the diameter of the bobbin being 1|inches, 10 turns will take up 45 inches. Deducting these 10 turns from the 30 madeby the spindle in the same time, there will remain for the effective movement of thebobbin only 20 turns; or when the diameter of the bobbin becomes 3 inches, 5 turnswill take up the 45 inches, if the spindle be at rest; but if it makes 30 turns in thetime, the effective velocity of the bobbin will be 25 turns, = 30 — 5. Hence in thefine bobbin and fly frame, the number of turns of the spindle, minus the number ofturns made by the bobbin in equal times, is in the inverse ratio of the diameter of thebobbin. We thus perceive, that in the coarse frame the bobbin should move fasterthan the spindle, and that its speed should always diminish; whilst in the fine framethe bobbin should move slower than the spindle, but its speed should always increase.It is easy to conceive, therefore, why the cones are placed in reverse directions in thetwo machines. Not that this inversion is indispensably necessary; the cone of the fineroviqg frame might, in fact, be placed like that of the coarse roving frame; but as thetorsion of the roving becomes now considerable, and as on that account the bobbin wouldneed to move still faster, w r hich would consume a greater quantity of the moving power,it has been deemed more economical to give its movement an opposite direction.

We mentioned that the twist of the sliver in the fine roving frame was the reverse ofthat in the coarse; this is a habit of the spinners, for which no good reason has beengiven.

The divisions of the rack-bar, and the successive diameters of the cone, must benicely adjusted to each other. The first thing to determine is, how much the rackshould advance for every layer or range of roving applied to the bobbin, in order thatthe cone may occupy such a place that the strap which regulates the pulley barrel maybe at the proper diameter, and thus fulfil every condition. The extent of this p r0 'gressive movement of the rack depends upon the greater or less taper of the cone, andthe increase which the diameter of the bobbin receives with every traverse, that is, ever)layer of roving laid on. But care should be taken not to taper the cone too rapidly, espe-cially in the fine roving frame, because in its progress towards the smaller end the strapwould not slide with certainty and ease. We have already shown that the number oieffective turns of the bobbin is inversely, as the diameter of the bobbin ; or directly? a?the successive diameters of the different points of the cone. # i

H. Houldsworth, jun. Esq. has introduced a capital improvement into the bobbin aafly frame, by his differential or equation-box mechanism, and by his spring fingers,by pressing the soft sliver upon the bobbin, cause at least a double quantity to be wouupon its barrel. With the description of his patent equation-box, I shall concludedescription of the bobbin and fly frame. # .

Fig . 342 represents a portion of a fly frame with Mr. Houldsworth’s inven 1a a a are the front drawing rollers, turning upon bearings in the top of the mac >and worked by a train of toothed wheels, in the way that drawing rollers are usuactuated. Jlt

From the drawing rollers, the filaments of cotton or other material, b ft, are brodown to, and passed through the arms of the fliers c c, mounted on the tops 0 ^

spindles d d , which spindles also carry the loose bobbins e e. In the ordinary b 5 ® aconstructing such machines, jfie spindles are turned by cords or bands passing r ^ rnrotatory drum round their respective pulleys or whirls f and the loose bobbins. ?with them by the friction of their slight contact to the spindle, as before said,improved machine, however, the movements of the spindles and the bobbins arependent and distinct from each other, being actuated from different sources. lin icates

The main shaft of the engine g, turned by a band and rigger a as usual, cornmu^ lhemotion by a train of wheels h, through the shaft i, to the drawing r0 ^ rS tw i s ted.reverse end of the machine, and causes them to deliver the filaments to oe