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>s applied to it while wet, by a solution of copperas put upon the grain, after this hasbeen rubbed with a stone; a brush dipped in stale urine is next rubbed on, then an ironslicker is used to make the grain come out as tine as possible. It is now stuffed with01 1. When dry, it is seasoned; that is, rubbed over with a brush dipped in copperasWater, on the griiin, till it be perfectly black. It is next slicked with a good grit-stone,to take out the wrinkles, and smooth the coarse grain. The grain is finally raised witht"? Pommel or graining board, by applying it to the leather in different directions,wbon thoroughly dry, it is grained again in two or three ways.
Hides intended for covering coaches are shaved nearly as thin as shoe hides, andblacked upon the grain.
CUTLERY. ( Coutellerie , Fr.; Messerschmidwaare , Germ.) Three kinds of steela fc made use of in the manufacture of different articles of cutlery, viz., common steel,shear steel, and cast steel. Shear steel is exceedingly plastic and tough. All the edgeools which require great tenacity without great hardness are made of it, such as tableKnives, scythes, plane-irons, &c.
Cast steel is formed by melting blistered steel in covered crucibles, with bottle glass,hu pouring it into cast-iron moulds, so as to form it into ingots; these ingots are thena ken to the tilt, and drawn into rods of suitable dimensions. No other than cast steel^assume a very fine polish, and hence all the finer articles of cutlery are made of it,as the best scissors, penknives, razors, &c.
■formerly cast steel could be worked only at a very low heat; it can now be made so*o be welded to iron with the greatest ease. Its use is consequently extended toakmg very superior kinds of chisels, plane-irons, &c.kn' or ®*f> °f table knives. — Two men are generally employed in the forging of tableT'os; one called the foreman or maker, and the other the striker,for tk stee * ca ^ e d common steel is employed in making the very common articles; butis e 6 Stalest part of table knives which require a surface free from flaws, shear steelan jj bcrally preferred. That part of the knife termed the blade, is first rudely formeda s t C ) Ut od- * s next welded to a rod of iron about J inch square, in such a manner
0 p,, mave as little of the iron part of the blade exposed as possible. A sufficient quantity
§k_ , iron now attached to the blade, is taken off from the rod to form the bolster orIn W ’ and the tan S-
*hd ° rder to make the bolster of a given size, and to give it at the same time shape
f ew 0e atness, it is introduced into a die, and a swage placed upon it; the swage has a
can„j ttlart blows given it by the striker. This die and swage are, by the workman,Af ? Prints.
for ea er Ibe tangs and bolster are finished, the blade is heated a second time, and theis now 1 ), -* ves it its proper anvil finish ; this operation is termed smithing. The bladebe Coia beated red-hot, and plunged perpendicularly into cold water. By this means itstate it S - dar dened. It requires to be tempered regularly down to a blue color : in whichJj f 1 P* ready for the grinder.
length . °wnill’s method of securing the handles upon table-knives and forks, is, byWhich enm " the tangs, so as to pass them completely through the handle, the ends ofthrou„|, are : to be tinned after the ordinary mode of tinning iron; and, when passeddrill,,,) ,, I 10 handle, the end of the tang is to be spread by beating, or a small hole
v_ ^ tnrrmcrV. _ _ j _ _• _j L_u •*._ il. i_ji_ a rv_*i,
gh it, and a pin passed to hold it upon the handle. After this, caps of
tana ’ 1 ** er ®°PPcr plated or silver, are to be soldered on to the projecting end of thethe'i, a while the solder is in a fluid state, the cap is to be pressed upon the end of.bein s im e an 'l held there until the solder is fixed, when the whole is to be cooled byMr. Xh erSed in coId water.
hlad es o j.° m ason , s patent improvements consist in the adaptation of steel edges to theP^taj, 0 f and silver knives. These steel edges are to be attached to the othersold er , ; a Jhatever quality it may be, of which the knife, &c. is made, by means of?ttached to th ° rd ’ nar f mode of effecting that process. After the edge of steel is thustk c °hl Wat 116 ®°'- d ’ s ’l ver , &c., it is to be ground, polished, and tempered by immersionttle knif e are^k*^ ° d a ^ er being heated. This process being finished, the other parts of■A- Patent aen wrought and ornamented by the engraver or chaser, as usual.h^ r atio n , 3S °“ ta j ne< l in 1827, by Mr. Smith of Sheffield, for rolling out knives at one
S’* °ut of tho^sh ^ mode °f making knives, a sheet of steel being provided, the blades aresnj Stee i bladock 61 ’ a "d. the backs, shoulders, and tangs, of wrought iron, are attached tot l * le blade „ welding at the forge. The knife is then ground to the proper shape,s Jn s t ead ‘ ad f e t P«bshed and hardened.
de Cel ’ an d to fbrm"tk dm v proce . ss > the patentee proposes to make the knives entirely ofthl* ° r . bolsters a - r °tbng in a heated state between massive rollers ; the shoul-
Pcripheries of tk * tan " s . t° r the handles, being produced by suitable recesses ina rollers; just as rail-wav mils nm rnrmoH wtipn the knife is to
the
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