387
-ittle rounded at the sides, which affords the opportunity of making the edge thinner, andsaves an immense labor to the grinder.
Razors are hardened and tempered in a similar manner to penknives. They are,however, left harder, being only let down to yellow or brown color.
The forging of scissors is wholly performed by the hammer, and all the sizes are madehy a single hand. The anvil of the scissor-maker weighs about \\ cwt.; it measures,°a the face, about 4 by 11 inches. It is provided with two grates or grooves for the re-ception of various little indented tools termed by the workman bosses; one of thesebosses is employed to give proper figure to the shank of the scissors; another for form-as that part which has to make the joint; and a third is made use of for giving a properoRure to the upper side of the blade. There is also another anvil placed on the sameblock, containing two or three tools called beak-irons, each consisting of an upright stem?bout 6 inches high, at the top of which a horizontal beak projects; one of these beaksls conical, and is used for extending the bow of the scissors; the other is a segment of acylinder with the round side upwards, containing a recess for giving a proper shape andsmoothness to the inside of the bow.
The shank of the scissors is first formed by means of one of the bosses, above de-cked, leaving as much-steel at the end as will form the blade. A hole is then punched
■ )u l j inch in width, a little above the shank. The blade is drawn out and finished,a ud the scissors separated from the rod a little above the hole. It is heated a third time,a nd the small hole above mentioned is extended upon the beak-irons so as to form theThis finishes the forging of scissors. They are promiscuously made in this way,"‘thont any other guide than the eye, having no regard to their being in pairs. They
!I e uext annealed for the purpose of filing such parts of them as cannot be ground, andalter-
rwards paired.
Th,
Aft,
very large scissors are made partly of iron, the blades being of steel.
(jj . ,ter the forging, the bow and joints, and such shanks as cannot be ground, arefo» It. "^* le r ' vet hole is then bored, through which they are to be screwed or rivetedare ttler ‘ This common kind of scissors is only hardened up to the joint. Theyg r j n( J em P er ed down to a purple or blue color. In this state they are taken to the
and polishing of cutlery .—The various processes which come under thise n „ ® lnat i°n are performed by machinery, moving in general by the power of the steam-G r - e ?. r w ater-wheel.
r° 0a) lna ‘ n g wheels or grinding mills are divided into a number of separate rooms; everyBine c °Btains six places called troughs ; each trough consists of a convenience for run-and grindstone and a polisher at the same time, which is generally occupied by a man
r ab °y.
§la.
Th
*zin bus *” es s of the grinder is generally divided iato three stages, viz., grinding,Th polishing.
ar fiele ^ rin<bn g is performed upon stones of various qualities and sizes, depending on thetequj re *° be ground. Those exposing much flat surface, such as saws, fenders, &c.,grou n( j ston es of great diameter, while razors, whose surface is concave, require to beiempe,. U ?° n stones of very small dimensions. Those articles which require a certainstorip. 'ich is the case with most cutting instruments, are mostly ground on a wetsuch a h° 1 ’ P ul 'pose the stone hangs within the iron trough, filled with water to
Gl ais i t that its surface may just touch the face of the stone,lustre and * S a P rocess following that of grinding: it consists in giving that degree ofVar ‘°ns d smoot l |n ess to an article which can be effected by means of emery of theBlazer , e ? rees of fineness. The tool on which the glazing is performed, is termed a>ue'r , ' ist f of a circular piece of wood, formed of a number of pieces in such aBin,!- rut its edge or face may always present the endway of the wood. Were it
Uiadi
®ied Bpo CrW1S ^’ tbe contraction of the parts would destroy its circular figure.' It is**ce with I 31 * , Iron ax * s similar to that of the stone. Some glazers are covered on the? re term,,,! eataer > °thers with metal, consisting of an alloy of lead and tin ; the latterBathe r _f 'f aps - la others, the wooden surface above is made use of. Some of the>crS?r. s \ such as are used for forks, table knives, edge tools, and all thean >ery. rp, ls >ed articles, are first coated with a solution of glue, and then covered withfilp 6 ’ tbe n gn- Sur . 1ccs .°f the others are prepared for use by first turning the face verymg Up thp ' n ? 11 w * tb small notches by means of a sharp-ended hammer, and lastly, Tl'e pull “r e :? ticeg w ' tb . a compound of tallow and emery.
t? tllaa douhl 1 If g ! azcr is 50 rnuc h less than that of the stone, that its velocity is,.... e process nf “ a y.‘ n ? general a surface speed of 1500 feet in a second.
'Vs. Nothino- P° lsb | n S consists in giving the most perfect polish to the differentPreviouslv if 1 j sub J ec ted to this operation but what is made of cast steel, and hasT| >e polder 'f dened and tempered.
onsists of a circular piece of wood covered with huff leather, the surface