448
per cent. of a brown oil, partly in crystalline scales, and partly viscid. The crystallineportion soluble in alcohol, bat the viscid only in ether. The remainder of the decom-posed ether consists of bi-carburete 1 hydrogen gas, tetrahydric carburet, carbonic oxyde©as, and one per cent, at most of gaseous carbonic acid.
Ether takes fire readily, even at some distance from a flame, and it should not there-fore be poured from one vessel to another in the neighborhood of a lighted candle. Itmay be likewise Set on fire by the electric spark. It barns all away with a bright fuligi-nous flame. When the vapor of ether is mixed with 10 times its volume of oxygen, itburns with a violent explosion, absorbs 6 times its bulk of oxygen, and produces 4 timesvolume of carbonic acid gas.
. Ether alters gradually with contact of air; absorbing oxygen, and progressively chang-ing into acetic acid and water. This conversion takes place very rapidly when the etherls boiled in an open vessel, while the acid eniers into a new combination forming aceticet ber. Ether should be preserved in bottles perfectly full and well corked, and kept inn cool place, otherwise it becomes sour, and is destroyed. In contains in this state 15 perSf at * of its bulk of azote, but no oxygen gas, as this has combined with its elements,p'lner is composed of oxygen 21*24; hydrogen 13*85; carbon 65*05. This composi-iQ U may be represented by 1 prime equivalent of water, and 4 primes of bi-carburettedhydrogen gas; in other words, ether contains for 1 prime of water, once as much olefiantas alcohol, and its prime equivalent is therefore 468*15 to oxygen 100. By my ana-Vsis, as published in the Phil. Trans, for 1822, ether is composed of oxygen 27*10; hy-j! ro gen 13-3 ; and carbon 59*6 in 100 parts. The density of my ether was 0*700.he volume of vapor of ether consists of one volume of aqueous vapor and twoJJlumes of olefiant gas (bi-carbureted hydrogen), while alcohol consists of two volumes01 each.
ether, acetic, is used to flavor silent corn spirits in making imitation brandy. It®y be prepared by mixing 20 parts of acetate of lead, 10 parts of alcohol, and llj of“<*ntrated sulphuric acid; or 16 of the anhydrous acetate, 5 of the acid, and 4J of ab-ate alcohol; distilling the mixture in a glass retort into a very cold receiver, agitatinga w ith weak potash ley the liquor which comes over, decanting the supernatant ether,4 re ctifying it*by re-distillation over magnesia and ground charcoal.
O’Skr 61 ' 0 el *t er * s a colorless liquid of a fragrant smell and pungent taste, of spec. grav.0 f a t 45° F., boiling at 166° F., burning with a yellowish flame, and disengaging fumesac «ic acid. It is soluble in 8 parts of water.str ^«ic ether may be economically made with 3 parts of acetate of potash, 3 of verythuJ?\ aleohoI > an< ^ ^ l * le strongest sulphuric acid, distilled together. The first product' V >H h re ~‘Jistilicd along with one fifth of its weight of sulphuric acid; as much etherobtained as there was alcohol employed.
a Uon is the absurd name given by the alchemists to certain black metallic prepar-
of ^ s ’ Martial ethiops was the black oxyde of iron ; mineral ethiops, the black sulphuretEVa ’ an ^ ethiops per se, the black oxyde of mercury.
Whi c i 1 '^E®EATION (Eng. and Fr.; Abdampfen; Abdunslen, Germ.) is the process byanq a an y substance is converted into, and carried off in, vapor. Though ice, camphor,Vap 0r - a M. °ther solids evaporate readily in dry air, I shall consider, at present, merely the■j^tzation of water by heat artificially applied,temp" Va P° r of water is an elastic fluid, whose tension and density depend upon theWater"? ture til® water with which it is in contact. .Thus the vapor rising fromCary jn. e ? te 4 to 16o° F. possesses an elastic force capable of supporting a column of mer-Weigjjt f high i and its density is such that 80 cubic feet of such vapor contain one poundl>er?t n 0 water; whereas 32J cubic feet of steam of the density corresponding to a tem-a pressure of 30 inches of mercury, weigh one pound. When theby it , a u te of the water is given, the elasticity and specific gravity of the vapor emitted
Cl e found \
hatarp j t • va P? r nses from the water only in virtue of the elasticity due to its gaseous°h the’ lj 1S - “bvious that no more can be produced, unless what is already incumbent up-le >hper a t? Uld J lave its tension abated, or be withdrawn by some means. Suppose thethe water to be midway between freezing and boiling, viz., 122° Eahr., asHUerstV i 6 a * r * n contact with it, to be the same but replete with moisture, so that}Uy with th S * iaces are fihed with vapor of corresponding elasticity and specific gra-place i ]',^ 1Ven hy the water, it is certain that no fresh formation of vapor can
? a Pe, or j s j . ese circumstances. But the moment a portion of vapor is allowed to es-be ^ condensation to another vessel, an equivalent portion of vapor
q The SW 81 ?° m lhG water.
? es not nrpvp 6a * r ot h er vapors upon the surface of water in an open vessel,
that thp « eva P ora li°n °f the liquid; it merely retards its progress. Experiencere ceivin» nc atl e l ast ic fluid, as air or other gaseous body, is capable
uch aqueous vapor as if it were vacuous, only the repletion of that29