FATS.

457

P ar t, to the action of a powerful screw or hydraulic press; and the evaporation should, e effected by the warmth of a water-bath, healed not beyond 100° or 120° F. Steam, ea ' may perhaps be applied advantageously in some .cases, where it is not likely toecompose any of the principles of the plant. But by far the best process for makingextracts is in vacuo, upon the principles explained in the article Evaporation . It isFJbch easier to fit up a proper apparatus of this kind, than most practical men imagine,he vacuum may either be made through the agency of steam, as there pointed out, orJ Means of an air-pump. One powerful air-pump may form and maintain a goodhcuum under several receivers, placed upon the flat-ground flanges of so many basins,,, Provided with a stop-cock at its side for exhaustion. The airless basin containingc juice being set on the shelf of a water-bath, and exposed to a proper temperature,“* furnish, in a short time, a large quantity of medicinal extract, possessing the prop-r * es of the plant unimpaired.

hor exceedingly delicate purposes, the concentration may be performed in the cold, byf at ! n ? saucers filled with the expressed juice over a basin containing sulphuric acid,f ttrng a glass receiver over them and exhausting its air.

AHLERZ. Gray copper-ore, called also Panabase, from the many oxydes it contains,lat' is the name of the impure spirit, which comes over first and last in the distil-

>on of whiskey; the former being called the strong, and the latter, which is much€ re ubundant, the weak faints. This crude spirit is much impregnated with fetidpTla* °^>' s therefore very unwholesome, and must be purified by rectification.

Past it Fr.; Fdcher, Germ.) is usually a semi-circular piece of silk or paper,

ar e< * double, enclosing slender slips of wood, ivory, tortoise-shell, whale-bone, Ac.,to like the tail of a peacock, in a radiating form, and susceptible of being folded

to j > and expanded at pleasure. .This well-known hand ornament is used by ladies

*tave°h t * 1E ' r ^ aces by agitating the air. Fans made of feathers, like the wing of a bird,j. been employed from time immemorial by the natives of tropical countries.p ow an ls also the name of the apparatus for winnowing corn. For an account of thePATtr blowing and ventilating fan machine, see Foundry and Ventilator.foot ( Farine , Fr.; Mehl , Germ.) is the flour of any species of corn, or starchy

f’ats* 1 SS potato > arrow root, &c. See Bread and Starch.

Issues h (Gratsses, Fr.; Fette, Germ.) occur in a great number of the animalth e mV b e ‘ n S abundunt under the skin in what is called the cellular membrane, roundthe tn ne y s > in the folds of the omentum, at Che base of the heart, in the mediastinum,the sen terie webb, as well as upon the surface of the intestines, and among many offr°m . . es - They vary in consistence, color, and smell, according to the animalssofi an . llc l 'bey are obtained; thus, they are generally fluid in the cetaceous tribes,''SuaUy r anb-flavored in the carnivorous, solid and nearly scentless in the ruminants,old, Tt> V ' 6 ani ^ c0 Pi° us * n well-fed young animals; yellowish anfi more scanty in thefirmer u ^ cons ' s ' enc e varies also according to the organ of their production.; beingvis Cera ' ,.'. r Ibe skin, and in the neighborhood of the kidneys, than among the moveable'ake a ' ~' at forms about one twentieth of the weight of a healthy animal. But ase bclo Sef j ■ Ibe butcher it is not pure, for being of a vesicular structure, it is always•hatt ers * n mem branes, mixed with blood, blood-vessels, lymphatics, &c. These foreignR tna||, an I j" S , l: b ,st be separated in some measure mechanically, after the fat is minceda sieve a , l [ en . ,n01 'c completely by melting it along with hot water, passing it throughWill be* obt ' t i* n ° tbe whole cool very slowly. By this means a cake of cleansed fat'° biix two 9 • Many P* 3ns °f purifying fats have been proposed; one of the best is'allow i s | pei , < l ent - °f strong sulphuric acid with a quantity of water, in which the' a te off tbp atea *° l some time with much stirring; to allow the materials to cool, to' v 'h ihu s be S, ,' pcrnalant fat, and re-melt it with abundance of hot water. More tallow“y the melters tame< ^’ ani * 'bat considerably whiter and harder than is usually procured

'"'e, the ann*'* *^ at c bl° r me and chloride of lime do not improve, but rather deterio-"bjected to P t ? aranc . e °f °‘'s and other fatty bodies. According to Appert , minced

suet

So hai-u”* LU tn<! action of high-pressure steam in a digester, at 250 oi ^ 260^F., beco

giving - aS to be s °uorous when struck, whiter, and capable, when made in ’ .

to a sapenor light. A convenient mode of rendering minced tallow, or ntelun* ,

P'aced if m a tl 'b> and drive steam through it from numerous orifices in ra ' n j J “.jfJSLi

Ul \; aar 'be bottom. Mr. Watt assures me that his plan of purifying faP . . .

, -fuarch. i»ot> t „ .

^arch 18^ 7 •

° ^ a little ’ lS b6ea

quite successful. He employs dilute sulphuric acid, to which

■ ji • . , -- AAL VUljllUJO ULlUtt, CUipilUlIV uv.uj --

c acid, with a very small quantity of bichromate of potash, w to sup-