578
GLASS. .
On the third day after the fermenting tan is set, the wash containing the grains is tran®"
lerred to the still, and converted into low wines. To every 100 gallons of this liquor,
two
pounds of juniper berries, from 3 to 5 years old, being added along with about one quar te ®of a pound of salt, the whole are put into the low wine still, and the fine Hollands sp'is drawn olf by a gentle and well-regulated heat, til! the magma becomes exhausted; ^first and the last products being mixed together; whereby a spirit, 2 to 3 per cent. a “° n .our hydrometer proof, is obtained, possessing the peculiar fine aroma of gin. Thelily of spirit varies from 18 to 21 gallons per quarter of grain; this large product bei »partly due to the employment of the spent wash of the preceding fermentation; ® n alion which contributes at the same time to 'mprove the flavor. a „,
For the above instructive details of .he manufacture of genuine Hollands, *indebted to Robert More, Esq., formerly of Underwood, distiller, who, afier st . 5 t)l jsthe art at Schiedam , tried to introduce that spirit into general consumption wcountry, but found the palates of our gin-drinkers too much corrupted to relish so Pa beverage. te d
GINNING, is the name of the operation by which the filaments of cotton are sepaifrom the seeds. See Cotton Manufacture. , ( j,e
GLANCE COAL, or anthracite, of which there are two varieties, the slaty anconchoidal. See Anthracite. . 0 f
GLASS (Verre , Fr. ; Glas , Germ.) is a transparent solid formed by the p 0 r asilicious and alkaline matter. It was known to the Phenicians, and constituted n | 5jlong time an exclusive manufacture of that people, in consequence of its ing te c j en tnatron, sand, and fuel, abounding upon their coasts. It is probable that the more an ^Egyptians were unacquainted with glass, for we find no mention of it in the \vriti n s j r j aMoses. But according to Pliny and Strabo , the glass works of Sidon and ^ e ^ a yed,were famous in their times, and produced beautiful articles; which were cut, erl - q-peailt, and stained of the most brilliant colors, in imitation of precious stones. )lBRomans employed glass for various purposes; and have left specimens in Herd 1 ® j erI) .of window-glass, which must have been blown by methods analogous to the n> , l0The Phenician processes seem to have been learned by the Crusaders, and transle' ( j veVenice in the 13lh century, where they were long held secret, and formed a Ju j c pedcommercial monopoly. Soon after the middle of the 17th century, Colbert eFrance with the blown mirror glass manufacture. icali° D ’
Chance undoubtedly had a principal share in the invention of this curious f abr aS (pebut there were circumstances in the most ancient arts likely to lead to itlusing and vitrifying heats required for the formation of pottery, and for the ^t'accidd*;metals from their ores. Pliny ascribes the origin of glass to the following ®^ e r] ve rA merchant-ship laden with natron being driven upon the coast at the month ot j, 0 re,Belus, in tempestuous weather, the crew were compelled to cook their victual® y {)[Ifl dand having placed lumps of the natron upon the sand, as supports to the keU sfll allto their surprise masses of transparent stone among the cinders. The sand oi ' sU p-stream of Galilee, which runs from the foot of Mount Carmel, was in conseq u ^ soU ghtposed to possess a peculiar virtue for making glass, and continued for ages toafter and exported to distant countries for this purpose. furna ce . s
Agricola, the oldest author who has written technically upon glass, desert". g- nn ck e band processes closely resembling those employed at the present day. ^' en ’ti s es lJ P° nHenckel, Pott, Achard, and some other chemists, have since then composed trea^jgueithe subject; but Neri, Bose, Antic, Loysel, and Allut, in the Encyclopedic Iare the best of the elder authorities. tclied F r > arS ’
The window-glass manufacture was first begun in England in 1557, in a L vo y H° u !fgLondon ; and fine articles of flint-glass were soon afterwards made in the ^ pyStrand. In 1635 the art received a great improvement from Sir Robert M® i as ces ® ause of coal fuel instead of wood. The first sheets of blown glass for looking un der 1coach windows were made-in 1673 at Lambeth, by Venetian artisans employpatronage of the Duke of Buckingham. .ggg j by -A" . e
The casting of mirror-plates was commenced in France about the ye®* . . ^nt ofham Thevart; an invention which gave rise soon afterwards to the estab i , ace w«celebrated works of St. Gobin, which continued for nearly a century the p B esf,
this highly prized object of luxury was well made. In excellence andI reneh mirror-plate has been, however, for some time rivalled by the Lng at
The analysis of modern chemisfe, which will be detailed in the course jpeah® , eS tand the light thrown upon the manufacture of glass in general by the accura ^ pign^possessed of purifying its several ingredients, would have brought the a . r bs tructi° nSstate of perfection in this country, but for the vexatious interference and o
icle>
our excise laws.