1262
of
malic acid ;. 12 of malate of ammonia; 4-8 of sulphate of potassa; 6-3 of chlor.potassium; 9-5 of potassa, which had been combined with malic and nitric acid?;of phosphate of lime; 24-2 of lime, which had been combined with malic acid; 8'8oI496-9 of fibrous or ligneous matter; traces of starch ; and 88-28 of water. <fis-
Nicotine is a transparent colorless liquid, of an alkaline nature. It may . jfing,tilled in a retort plunged into a bath heated to 290° Fahrenheit. It has a jj „ S ’Wburning taste, which is very durable; and a pungent, disagreeable smell. B “ g y bemeans of a wick, with the diffusion of a vivid light, and much smoke. B ^o^ 5 ’mixed with water in all proportions. It is soluble also in acetic acid, oil °* ®alcohol, and ether, but not in oil of turpentine. It acts upon the animal econo i gC jjj.extreme violence; and in the dose of one drop it kills a dog. It forms salts with ' ^ o0 dAbout one part of it may be obtained by very skilful treatment from one thousantobacco. . |g3f,
Tobacco imported into the United Kingdom , viz. — unmanufactured, i® jg36>52,232,9.07 lbs.; in 1837, 27,070,448 lbs.; — manufactured, and snuff, * ■ c inr^>182,248 lbs.; in 1837, 642,287 lbs. Retained for home consumption, unman® jg3d>in 1836,22,309,021 lbs.; in 1837, 22,504,343 lbs.;—manufactured, and snU , p a ccb!159,226 lbs.; in 1837, 145,045 lbs. Duty received,—on unmanufactured w jg36,1836, £3,344,703 ; in 1837, £3,375,125; on manufactured tobacco, and snun,
£71,560 ; in 1837, £65,220. e ral *®
TOBACCO-PIPES . The practice of smoking tobacco has become so 8 ran ch 0many nations as to render the manufacture of tobacco-pipes a considerable _ 0 thc rSindustry. Some seek in the inhalation of tobacco-smoke a pleasurable narcotisimagine it to be beneficial to their health; but, in general, smoking is ®. er , , T®. eresource against ennui, which ere long becomes an indispensable stiniu th eltfilthiness of this habit, the offensive odor which persons under its influence etW ^piexi 0 ”’mouths and clothes, the stupor it too often occasions, as well as the sallow c ^p{oba cC °black or carious teeth, and impaired digestion, all prove the great consumpti° nto be akin in evil influence upon mankind to the use of ardent spirits. ^ave 8^.^
Tobacco-pipes are made of a fine-grained plastic white clay, to which they j n pit 5 )the name. It is worked with water into a thin paste, which is allowed to sor it may be passed through a sieve, to separate the silicious or other ston X t - nC e,
• the water is afterwards evaporated till the clay becomes of a doughy const* | s le oit must be well kneaded to make it uniform. Pipe-clay is found chiefly >® ^ j ts gr« aPurbeck and Dorsetshire . It is distinguished by its perfectly white color, “ - na wh jCadhesion to the tongue after it is baked; owing to the large proportion of al®it contains. finder
A child fashions a ball of clay from the heap, rolls it out into a slender cy ^ st ' c f!a plank, with the palms of his hands, in order to form the stem of the P’T e '- n „ don e > ®a small lump to the end of the cylinder for forming the bowl; which ® avl or ^; 0 n aslays the pieces aside for a day or two, to get more consistence. In I® -0 ? them t01makes these rough figures, he arranges them by dozens on a board, and hanpipemaker. . , ; n side °* el j
The pipe is finished by means of a folding brass or iron mould, channel ^ j s form gshape of the stem and the bowl, and capable of being opened at the two en s- ^ t jjeseof two pieces, each hollowed out like a half-pipe, cut as it were lengthwisei, ^ ere -ggs
jaws, when brought together, constitute the exact space for making which serve “S* 01small pins m one side of the mould, corresponding to holes in the other, wh{or applying the two together with precision. , ; t thro"!® .^g
The workman takes a long iron wire, with its end oiled, and p® s w p- e by m e e Q {soft clay in the direction of the stem, to form the bore, and he directs gve of °®. e( jwith his left hand the progress of its point. He lays the pipe in I e p p r ing s a lthe jaws of the mould, with the wire sticking in it; applies the ot " e ^ ( J ces ’ the ^ 0 fsmartly together, and unites them by a clamp or vice, which pro into the.®fVheform. A lever is now brought down, which presses an oiled st °I’P t j, e c aVlt - \ e teWthe pipe, while it is in the mould, forcing it sufficiently down to lo tu p e cowP ,pewire being meanwhile thrust backwards and forwards so as to P' erc f ot [ ie rwis e l " e pipethrough. The wire must become visible at the bottom of the opened, J or
will be imperfect. The wire is now withdrawn, the jaws of the m for a p e nt
taken out, and the redundant clay removed with a knife. At er ste ms b eI "T 0f
two, the pipes are scraped, polished with a piece of hard wood, an y e of n rl f„ipeS
into the desired form, they are carried to the baking kiln, whic i g ve gross ogross in from 8 to 12 hours. A workman and a child can easily m ^ ^ o0 t of
No tobacco-pipes are so highly prized as those made in ^“^{"whic® ts J°0 o>meerschaum, a somewhat plastic magnesian stone, of a soft grea y j, a rd ,ninto pipes after having been softened with water. It becomes wn .