74

DAGUERROTYPE.

The specific gravities varied in the several specimens as follows : 1, a s ' ,e f.f 0 rt'giver me by Messrs. Zimmer and Sell, at their factory in Sachsenhausen, by Fran*’ .on-the-Maine , had a specific gravity of 1-0524; 2, a sample made in the north of Lland, sp. gr. 1-057, and its boiling point varied ii-om 370° to 380° Fabr. Mr. Mo* j, u tcreosote, which is much esteemed, has a sp. gr. of 1-070, and boils first at 280progressively rises in temperature up to 420°, when it remains stationary. ■'t~ e os0 ie,man creosote was distilled from the tar of the pyrolignous acid manufacture. Cre a tI believe, is often made from Stockholm tar. Berzelius gives the sp. gr. of creos |01-037, and its boiling point at 203° C.=397-4° F. I deemed it useless to subje^ c yultimate analysis products differing so considerably in their physical properties-were all very soluble in potash ley. . . to

CROSS-FLUCKANS or FLOOKANS. The name given by the Cornish mineclay veins of more ancient formation. ntvp e

CYANIDE OF POTASSIUM. This salt, so much used now in' the elec ^ n j e dprocesses, is prepared, according to Liebig ’s formula, by mixing 8 parts of P? ,) ieprussiate of potash, sharply dried, with 3 parts of pure carbonate of potash, f asl “j a ssmixture in an iron crucible, by a moderate red heat, and keeping it so, till the 7 er eJor iron rod with which the fluid mass should be occasionally stirred, comes out cwith a white crust. The crucible is then to be removed from the fire; and a ^ | l0 t,disengaged iron has fallen to the bottom, the supernatant fluid, still obscurely al)l iis to be poured off upon a clean surface of iron or platinum. After concretiocooling, the white saline mass is to be pounded while hot, and then kept in a testopped bottle. It consists of about 5 parts of cyanide of potassium, and 1 of C LvaJ’ 9of potash. For most purposes, and the analysis of ores, the latter ingredient is ndetrimental. . r0 por'

CYDER. The value of apples to produce this beverage of good quality is P v j n gtionate to the specific gravity of their juice. M. Couverchel has given the *°table, illustrative of that proposition :— '

Juice of the green renette, queen apple (reineite verte)English renette ...

Red renette -

Musk renette -

Fouillet raye - - -

Orange apple -

•Renette of Caux ...

Water -

1,0W

1,080

1,072

1,069

l’ 06 o1 0631,0601,000

d the

Cyder-apples may be distributed into three classes, the sweet, the bittel A- c ii cl ar "sour. The second are the best; they afford a denser juice, richer in sugar, ' . djfficul'ifies well, and when fermented keeps a long time; the juice of sweet appl es I8 j t° h cto clarify; but that of the Sour ones makes bad cyder. Late apples are in £ eI * ma y ct>H'preferred. With regard to the proper soil for raising apple-trees, the rea j® r he niakii?suit with advantage an able essay upon “ The Cultivation of Orchards, an “i n t i )e B.oy a!of Cyder and Perry,” by Frederick Falkner, Esq., in the fourth volume of ^ alt* 1 'Agricultural Journal. He adverts judiciously to the necessity of the present aS pj -o-line and earthy bases, in the soils of all deciduous trees, and especially of s uduce acid fruits. inpos^!°

In November, 2,340 kilogrammes of apples (2J tons English , nearly) are ® Jj erafford 1,000 litres (220J gallons) of pure cyder; and 600 litres of a small ^jjer, 0,1 ■with the marc mixed with water and pressed. But many persons mix all ? 0r y e rm elltethus manufacture 1,600 litres out of the above weight of fruit. In France , the bur a "liquor, as soon as it is clear, is often racked off into casks containing the In nnd<;ing sulphur, whereby it ceases to ferment, and preserves much of its su D 0 p a ]cob*posed. It is soon afterward bottled. Average cyder should yield 6 per cen •on distillation.

’ jn g P ic '

DAGUERROTYPE. This new and most ingenious invention for l ir °r re ncl lirie, ' ttures by the action of light, is due to M. Daguerre and M. Niepce, two na tionIt was purchased from them by the French government for the . °-iyr par 1161,large; but was made the subject of an exclusive patent in England by •as that government never purchases any scientific invention. j s ® 8 4 e e

The fixation of the images, formed in the focus of the camera °t ) . sc ’i!". ( i e d into »very smooth surfaces of pure silver plated on copper. The process is al