144
ILLUMINATION, COST OF.
Number of acres under the cultivation of hops in England.
1807
38,218
1813
39,521
1819
51,014
1825
46,718
1831
47,129
1837
56,3*£
1808
38,436
1814
40,571
1820
50,148
1826
50,471
1832
47,101
1838
1809
38,357
1815
42,150
1821
45,662
1827
49,485
1833
49,187
1839
1810 .
38,265
1816
44,219
1822
43,766
1828
48.365
1834
51,273
1840
1811
38,401
1817
46,493
1823
41,458
1829
46,135
1835
53,816
1841
1812
38.700
1818
48,593
1824
43,449
1830
46,726
1836
55,422
1842
_
Hop duties of particular districts.
1839.
1840.
1841.
1842.__
Rochester ...
Sussex ....Worcester
Farnham ...
North Clays -Essex -
Sundries ...
£60,602 16 650,619 3 0
£23,256 19 85,757 0 4
£51,490 3 833,960 14 10
i58,812 4 *31,019 13j^_
90,731 18 043,501 10 010,815 2 nil 878 18 i1,724 2
2,050 19 **
203J4_JL
169,7T8__5__£—
111,451 19 665,020 19 716,639 16 47,730 7 22,005 13 101,624 5 91,058 11 5
29,014 0 03,080 12 9
239 19 01,643 18 7
57 4 1
35 17 1
20 4 8
85,450 18 638,066 13 1012,076 19 87,702 30 23,159 7 10977 3 0705 8 7
205,538 12 7
34,091 17 2
146,159 1 7
HORN. Mr. J. James lias contrived a method of opening up the horns of ca * at ’;n2which he avoids the risk of scorching or frizzling, which is apt to happen in n ^them over an open lire. He takes a solid block of iron pierced with a conicawhich is fitted with a conical iron plug, heats them in a stove to the tempera* 11 ^melting lead, and having previously cut up the horn lengthwise on one side with ahe inserts its narrow end into the hole, and drives the plug into it with a malle ((Jthe heat of the irons, the horn gets so softened in the course of about a minute, ‘bear flatting out in the usual way.
HYPOSULPHITE OF SODA. This salt, so extensively used in the P raCt ^| ; -Daguerrotyping, may be easily prepared in quantities by the following P r0 0 fMix one pound of finely pulverized ignited carbonate of soda with ten oun u ]phurflowers of sulphur, and heat the mixture slowly in a porcelain dish till *h e s jjere,melts. Stir the fused mass, so as to expose all its parts freely to the atm° jjg r jcalwhereby it passes from the state of a sulphuret, by the absorption of atmosp ' e e.oxygen, into that of a sulphite, with the phenomenon of very slight incande 0 fDissolve in water, filter the solution, and boil it immediately along with fl°" j ar gesulphur. The filtered concentrated saline liquid will afford, on cooling, aquantity of pure and beautiful crystals of hyposulphite of soda.
of
I.
f ijght?
ILLUMINATION, COST OF. The production, diffusion, and economy' °^idiare subjects of the highest interest both to men of science and men ol p]iysi cSleading the former to contemplate many of the most beautiful phenomena ^ jnd* s 'and chemistry, while they provide the latter with the artificial illumination p r c?mpensable to the business and pleasures of modern society. The great cost °. \ r( £n tall 0 '*wax, spermaceti, and even stearic candles, as also the nuisance of the *u gh hPst hith ert *ones, have led to the invention of an endless variety of lamps, of which the o op u ^ e ^known is undoubtedly the mechanical or Carcel lamp, so generally used by ^ s ofamilies in Paris . In this lamp the oil is raised through tubes by clocK- j i0l . 0 ngbl>continually to overflow at the bottom of the burning wick; thus keeping 1 ^ p 0S seS s °,soaked, while the excess of the oil drops back into the cistern below. I f aC tor&7for several years an excellent lamp of this description, which performs most sa ^ eraI1 ge ?but it can hardly be trusted in the hands of a servant; and when it getsit must be sent to its constructor in Paris to be repaired. The light of thisi p C rfec&
furnished with an appropriate tall glass chimney, is very brilliant, though AV itb * *7
uniform; since it fluctuates a little, but always perceptibly to a nice obser^ ?.^ e jet o^alternating action of the pump-work; becoming dimmer after every mo fe ^ e
oil, and brighter just before its return. The flame, moreover, always of * t
'ess, owing to the powerful draught, and rectangular reverbatory sh<^ 0
chimney. The mechenical lamp is, however, remarkable for continuing vi vaCl J-only with unabated but with increasing splendor for seven or eight hours, fluentof the combustion increasing evidently with the increased temperature a