188
MINES.
of ore. It formerly yielded from 30 to 40 marcs of gold per annum, but for the last fe*years it has furnished only from 3 to 4.
The mines and smelting works of Sweden gave annually, in 1809, a gross productworth 1,463,600/.
The south of Finland and the bordering parts of Russia contain some mines, butthey are far from having any such importance as those of Sweden .
At Orijerwy, near Helsingfors , a mine of copper occurs whose gangue is carbonateof lime, employed as a limestone. ,
.Near Cerdopol, a town situated at the N.W. extremity of the Ladoga lake, veins otcopper pyrites were formerly mined.
Under the reign of Peter the Great , an auriferous vein was discovered in the granitemountains which border the eastern bank of the .lake Ladoga, near Olonetz . It '" raSrich only near .the surface; and its working was soon abandoned.
Latterly an attempt has been made to mine capper and iron ores near Eno, aboveand to the N.W. of Cerdopol, but with little success.
Some time ago rich ores of iron, lying in veins, were worked near the lake Shuyn a >N.W. from Cerdopol; but this mine has been also relinquished. ,
On the west bank of the Onega lake, there is an iron work at Petrazavodsk, call®a zavode, which is the greatest establishment of this kind existing in the north 0Russia . .
. Nothing is now reduced there" except bog iron ore, or swamp ore extracted from sn> alakes in the neighborhood.
The transition limestone which constitutes the body of Esthonia contains lead ore aArossaar near Fellin. These ores were worked when these provinces belonged to t* 1Swedes. It was attempted in 1806 to resume the exploitation, but without success.
The chain of the Alleganys, which traverses the United States of Northfrom N.W. to S.E. parallel to the coasts of the Atlantic ocean , includes a consideble number of deposites of iron, lead, and copper ores ; along with some ores of sn jplumbago, and chromite of iron. Attempts have been made to mine a great man)these deposites; but most of these have been unsuccessful. . jt
A bed of black oxide of iron occurs in gneiss near Franconia in New Hampshire - jhas a power of from 5 to 8 feet; and has been mined through a length of 200 fe®*»to a depth of 90 feet. The same ore is found in veins in Massachusetts and Verm
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accompanied by copper and iron pyrites. It is met with in immense quantities onwestern bank of the lake Champlain , forming beds of from 1 to 20 feet in thick®
almost without mixture, encased in granite. It is also found in the mountains
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territory. These deposites appear to extend without interruption from Canada to ^neighborhood of New York , where an exploration on them may be seen at Lr sPoint. The ore there extracted is in much esteem. Several mines of the same _sp®^ tgexist in New Jersey . The primitive mountains which rise in the north of this nnear the Delaware , include a bed almost vertical of black oxide of iron, which hasworked to 100 feet in depth. In the county of Sussex the same ore occurs, acc .° e ofnied with Franklinite. At New Milford, in Connecticut , a pretty abundant j te( jsparry iron occurs; the only one of the kind known in the Alleganys. The over
States contain a great many iron works, some of which prior to the year 1773, seiron to London . They are principally supplied from alluvial iron ore. . jlaS-
The most remarkable lead mines of the Alleganys are those of Southampto®>. insachusetts, and of Perkiomen creek, in Pennsylvania , 8 leagues from Philadelpn 1 ®-first furnishes a galena, slightly argentiferous; an ore accompanied with varl f „ ua rtz>erals, with base of lead, copper, and zinc, and with gangues (vein-stones) 01 * geV .sulphate of baryta, and fluor spar. These substances form a vein which traveeral primitive rocks, and is said to be known over a length of more than 6 l® 8 ,, , ],y
Perkiomen creek a vein of galena is mined which traverses a sandstone, re rI1 j a -
many geologists to the old red sandstone. Along with galena a great TwvvorWerals is found with a, basis of lead, zinc, copper, and iron. The mines of 1®in Virginia, on the banks of the Kanahwa, deserve also to be mentioned. merit
None of the copper mines actually in operation in the United States hot
particular attention. The mine of Schuyler, in New Jersey , had excited high 1 g0JB eafter the workings had been pushed to a depth of 300 feet, they have been a ndyears abandoned. The ore, which consisted of sulphuret of copper, withcarbonate of copper, occurred in a red sandstone. * j ro n and
In some points of the Alleganys, deposites have been noticed of chromite-graphite. . the
Coal-measures occur in several points of the United States , especially o