802 SODA.— Black Ash.
factured in Glasgow, London , and Manchester, andas before stated, forms but a comparatively smallpart of the total acid produced from all sources.The solid salt left in the retorts is called “ saltcake,” and is generally sold to alkali-makers, to beconverted into carbonate of soda. The following areanalyses of this substance taken from a large numberof samples :—■
1 .
2.
3.
4.
Chloride of sodium,.
11*00
6*32
1*48
12-50
Sulphate of soda,.
68-19
80*47
79*72
64-41
Free sulphuric acid,.
4*93
7*24
10*88
10*71
1-80
0*80
2*00
2*10
Oxide of iron, &c M .
0*30
0*10
—
0*25
Water,.
Sulphates of lime and")magnesia,. j
13*01
4*76
5*92
9*52
0*70
0-30
—
0-51
99-88
99*99
100-00
100*00
(R. C. Clapham).
Acid by 120
Specific
In 100 parts
In 100 parts
in 100 parts.
Gravity.
Chlorine.
100
1*2000
39*675
40*777
99
1-1982
39*278
40-369
98
1 -1964
38*862
39*961
97
1*1946
38-485
39-554
96
1-1928
38*089
39-146
95
1-1910
37*692
38*738
94
1-1893
37-296
38-330
93
1-1875
36*900
37*923
92
1-1857
36-503
37-516
91
1-1846
36-107
37-108
90
1-1822
35-707
36-700
89
1*1802
35-310
36*292
88
1-1782
34-913
35*884
87
1*1762
34-517
35-476
86
1*1741
34-121
35-068
85
1*1721
33-724
34-660
84
1*1701
33*328
34-252
83
1-1681
32-931
33-845
82
1-1661
32-535
33-437
81
1-1641
32-136
33-029
80
1-1620
31-746
32-621
79
1-1599
31-343
32-213
78
1-1578
30-946
31-805
77
1-1557
30-550
31-398
76
1-1536
30-153
30-990
75
1-1515
29-757
30-582
74
1-1494
29-361
30-174
73
1-1473
28-964
29-767
72
1-1452
28-567
29-359
71
1-1431
28-171
28-951
70
1-1410
27-772
28-544
69
1-1389
27-376
28-136
68
1-1369
26-976 '
27-728
67
1-1349
26-583
27-321
66
1*1328
26-186
26-913
65
1-1308
25-789
26-505
64
1*1287
25-392
26-098
63
1-1267
24-996
25-690
62
1-1247
24-599
25*282
61
1-1226
24-202
24*874
60
1*1206
23-805
24-466
59
1-1185
23-408
24-058
58
1-1164
23-012
23-050
57
1-1143
22-615
23*242
56
1-1123
22-218
22*834
55
1-1102
21-822
22*426
54
1*1082
21-425
22-019
53
1-1061
21-028
21*611
52
1*1041
20-632
20-203
51
1*1020
20-235
20*796
Acid by 120in 100 parts.
Specific
Gravity.
Jn 100 partsChlorine.
In 100 partsMuriatic Acid.
50
1*1000
19-837
20*388
49
1 -0980
19-440
19*980
48
1-0960
19-044
19*572
47
1*0939
18-647
19*165
46
1*0919
18*250
18-757
45
1*0899
18-254
18-349
44
1-0879
17-457
17-941
43
1-0859
17-060
17-534
42
1-0838
16-664
17*126
41
1-0818
16-267
16-718
40
1 -0798
15-870
16*310
39
1-0778
15-474
15-902
38
1-0758
15*077
15-494
37
1*0738
14-680
15-087
36
1-0718
14-284
14-679
35
1 -0697
13-887
14-271
34
1-0677
13-490
13*863
33
1-0637
13-095
13-456
32
1-0657
12-697
13-049
31
1-0617
12-300
12-641
30
1-0597
11*903
12*233
29
1-0557
11-506
11-825
28
1-0577
11*409
11-418
27
1*0537
10*712
11*010
26
1-0517
10*316
10-602
25
1-0497
9-919
10-194
24
1-0477
9-522
9*786
23
1-0457
8-726
8-979
22
1-0437
8-729
8-971
21
1-0417
8-332
8-563
20
1-0397
7-935
• 8-155
19
1-0377
7-538
7*747
18
1-0357
6*345
6*524
17
1*0337
6*745
5*932
16
1-0318
6-348
6-524
15
1-0298
5-951
6-116
14
1-0279
5-554
5-709
13
1-0259
5-158
5-301
12
1-0239
4-762
4-893
11
1-0220
4-365
4-486
10
1-0200
3*968
4-078
9
1-0180
3-571
3-670
8
1-0160
3-174
3*262
7
1-0140
2-779
2-854
6
1*0120
2*381
2*447
5
1*0100
1*984
2*039
4
1 *0080
1*588
1*631
3
1-0060
1*191
1*224
2
1-0040
0*777
0-816
1
1-0020
0*397
0-408
The variation in the boiling point, with thedensity of hydrochloric acid, is shown in the fol-lowing table by Dalton :—■
Specific Gravity.
Specific Gravity.
Degrees Fahr.
Degrees Fahr.
1*166
170
1*075
228
1-154
190
1-064
225
1*144
212
1-047
222
1*136
217
1-035
219
1-127
222
1-018
216
1*121
228
1-009
214
1-094
232
Black Ash Process. —The alkali maker having pro-duced the necessary supply of salt cake proceeds to thefirst stage in Leblanc’s process, which is the makingof black ash (ball soda). The materials for this pro-cess are calcined sulphate of soda (salt cake), calciumcarbonate, either as chalk or as limestone, and smallcoal (slack). These three substances have to befluxed together up to, but not exceeding a certain