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Carbon,.
Silicon.
Sulphur,. .
Phosphorus,.
Manganese,.
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manganese neutralizing the increased quantity ofsulphur in the lower grade of pig. An alloy of man-ganese and silicon with iron is exceedingly usefulfor the production of solid steel castings, and someexcellent results have been obtained with it at TerreNoire, where this alloy was first introduced. Ananalysis of a fine sample of this mangan-silicon-eisen,exhibited by the Terre Noire Company in the ParisExhibition, will be found in Table XI Va. Alsoan analysis of very rich ferro-manganese. Thisrich alloy of iron and manganese is now a regularblast-furnace product, and is very largely used foimaking soft steel. The oxides of manganeseand iron unite readily with silica to form a veryfusible slag, and thus they are removed from themetal, and leave it to run perfectly sound. Siliconsteel shows no tendency to rise in moulds or emitgas; but it is only suitable for castings, as the siliconwould render it difficult to forge.
Oxygen .—Overblown Bessemer metal is known tobe particularly spongy and full of honeycomb, andthere appears to be every reason to believe thatnearly pure molten iron occludes oxygen and car-bonic oxide in the same way that molten silver doesoxygen; and that while the carbonic oxide is to alarge extent ejected during the solidification of themetal, causing it to boil in the mould, only a cer-tain portion of the oxygen escapes in this way, theremainder becoming sealed up in the metal. Thisportion probably gradually unites with the iron toform oxide, which is disseminated in infinitely smallportions through the metal, but is sufficient to causea break of continuity of its particles, so that whenit is heated and forged, it can no longer holdtogether, but is highly red-short. The portion oioxygen that escapes from the metal during solidifi-cation oxidises a portion of iron at the surface, andgives rise to an abundance of sparks, the metal beingwhat is termed “fiery.” It is probable that thetendency of iron to occlude gases is increased by thepresence of sulphur, and diminished by the presenceof manganese, since we know that steel containingsulphur will not cast soundly, while mild steel madewith ferro-manganese in the open-hearth furnaceremains “dead melted,” as it is termed. Snelus, bycalculation from the quantity of carbon and man-ganese left in the metal, after adding a knownweight of solid spiegeleisen of known composition toa certain quantity of Bessemer metal containing 1per cent, carbon, found -278 per cent, oxygen left inthe metal; and Bender, by direct combustion of thesteel in a current of hydrogen, and collecting thewater given off, found '35 per cent, oxygen inBessemer metal containing -08 per cent, carbon.Sergius Keen, by the same process, found in twosamples of blown metal before spiegel was added,•185 and T71 per cent, oxygen; and after thesesamples had been heated, he found T65 and T62per cent, respectively. It is quite possible thatmetallic iron may dissolve oxide of iron directly, inthe same way that metallic copper dissolves oxideof copper. There are many very interesting pointsin connection with this portion of the subject, that