7

Emigration and Immigration.

port estimated the proportion of Irish at two-thirds, or 152,738 of thenumber. “ There is no reason to suppose that Ireland has contributedso largely to the emigration from any other port [in England] as that ofLiverpool, ” and the Irish from other ports not distinguished in thereturns, must be left, as a set-off against transported convicts and English emigrants not registered in our own ports, or proceeding from the portsof Scotland and Ireland . Deducting 152,738 Irish from the 429,775emigrants, 277,037 remain, who maybe held to represent the number ofEnglish emigrants in the 10 years.

Of the 15,912,773 persons, enumerated in 1841,432,974 were re-turned as having been born out of England ; namely, 103,238 in Scot­ land , 289,404 in Ireland , 1088 in the Colonies, and 39,244 in our foreignpossessions, and in foreign parts. The birth-place of soldiers, sailors, andothers, amounting in all to 116,112, was not returned; assuming that15,000 of them were born out of England, the total number of the popu-lation not indigenous (advcnce) was 447,974 ; and if' we can' determinehow many persons must have entered the country annually to amount to447,974 in 1841, the number of immigrants into England, hitherto un-known, may be estimated. As the enumeration of the advetim in 1841was the first in which they were returned, and their ages as well as thetime in which they came in are not given, the problem is indeterminate; itmay be solved, however, upon probable data, and the limits of error fixed.

If the Irish , Scotch, and other immigrants, all entered in families ofall ages, in equal numbers within each of the 10 years, 49,584 musthave come into the country annually to amount to 447,974 in 1841, ifthey all came in equal numbers year by year, during the 20 years endedin 1841,27,416 must have entered annually,* or 274,160 must haveentered in the last 10 years.

As young children and old people among immigrants are in less thanthe usual proportion, it may be assumed that the whole class is repre-sented at the time of entering the country by persons between the ages of15 and 55; 25,755 of such annual immigrants would in 20 years amountto 447,974-f The number (25,755) differs little from 27,416, which Iam inclined to consider a sufficiently near approximation to the annualnumber of immigrants in the 10 years, June 1831-41 ; and which differ-ing little from the annual number of emigrants (27,704) previously cited,allows us to admit the simple and until now unsupported hypothesis ofMr. Rickman and other writers, that the immigration of the Scotch andIrish into England nearly counterpoises the emigration of Englishmen bybirth to the colonies and foreign parts.

* 548,460 immigrants would, at this rate,come into England in twenty years,but 100,486of them would die, leaving 447,974 alive at the end of the time.

t For the formula and table from which the calculations have been derived, see Appendix to Sixth Report, page 547 and page 561,8vo. edition. If the number of annual immigrants

I y

be represented by i, then i = v v - X advenae. The immigrants are supposed to

be subject to the same law of mortality as the whole population on which the English tableis constructed. The calculation can only be made by means of the new form given to thatlife table.

f