IN SCOTLAND.

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raised about two feet above the level of the ground, and greatcaro is taken to litter the calves frequently, and to keep themclean. It is also found profitable, where a number of calvesare kept at once, to have the penn separated, by thin boardsor spars, into several divisions.

8. Dairies.

Although it is only on farms of a particular descriptionthat dairies of any extent are required, yet it may be usefulto explain some of the most important particulars regardingtheir construction and management.

The essential properties of dairies are, that they should pre-serve the heat at a temperature of from 40 to 50 degrees,both in summer and winter; that they should be thoroughlyventilated, and so constructed as to admit of the utmost clean-liness.

The accommodations of a complete dairy for twenty cows,are, a milk-room about fifteen feet square, a scalding andchurning room of equal dimensions, and a store-room. Thechurning room is sometimes a separate apartment, and itis found an excellent plan to have the scalding, house andchurning chamber separated from the dairy room by asmall court, where the dairy utensils maybe aired. Themilk-room is commonly placed on the north side of thedairy, and if possible shaded by trees or higher buildings,with windows or ventilators on three sides. The door en-ters not from the scalding room, but from an open porchcommunicating with it. The windows do not admit muchlight, and canvas or wire cloth should be closely fittedopposite the opening part, to exclude flies, &c. when thewindow is opened. The sun is entirely excluded by the situa-tion, the projecting of the eaves of the roof, or by weatherboards outside of the windows. A complete ventilation maybe preserved by a number of narrow openings in the outsidewalls near the floor, covered with canvas or wire cloth, towhich sliding shutters are fitted on the inside. If there is no