IN SCOTLAND.

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tion of air. The operations of the working teams are muchobstructed and delayed by too frequent turnings, duringwhich no work is performed. In high upland farms, devotedto grazing, it is necessary to secure shelter for the live-stock,with early and fresh grass at command ; both of which im-portant circumstances require a suitable number of inclo-sures. When, therefore, such upland farms are to be in-closed for the purpose of cultivation, or for the pasture ofmilch cows, or Leicester sheep, the size of the inclosuresought not to be large. But, on the contrary, when meantfor the mountain breeds of sheep, the inclosures can hardlybe too large, if suited to the various purposes of such farms,as formerly pointed out in the body of this Chapter.

In rich arable soils, like those of the Carses, and in the moreimproved corn districts, where pasturage does not enter to agreat extent into the system of management, the general opi-nion seems to be, that the fields ought to be large. Theirform, wherever cultivation is an important portion of the plan,ought to be in regular four-sided fields, square or oblong ;and if the latter, their greatest length ought to be in the di-rection most suitable for laying off the lands or ridges. Inthese richer soils, all things duly considered, the fields oughtseldom to be less than twenty acres each, and hardly everought to exceed fifty or sixty acres, even in the largest arablefarms. In lighter soils, where pasturage comes in for someyears, in every successive course of rotation, the fields maybe made smaller, with much usefulness and conveniency, al-ways having regard to the size of the farm. A carse landfarm, therefore, or one on such rich arable soils, as to an-swer best under the six-course shift, cannot have less thansix separate fields, as nearly equal in size as circumstanceswill admit. A farm of lighter soil, in which the course ofrotation may extend to six or more years, three or more ofthese in pasture, must likewise have as many fields as willsuit the intended rotation; and if large, double that numberwill be found useful and convenient. Besides, it will gene-