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other purposes, or a greater number of calves reared with thesame quantity.
It is not uncommon upon some farms to rear twice- asmany calves as the number of cows, and there are some in-stances of even four calves being reared for every cow. Thesupernumeraries are purchased from farm-servants and others,who cannot rear them, and also from farmers, who preferkeeping Highland or other aged cattle to rearing from theirown cows.
The most common substitutes for milk are hay, turnips,meal, lintseed, and oil-cake.—Eight calves were reared fortwo cows, for several years, by means of turnips and a littlecorn on the straw. The home calves had sweet milk for thefirst eight or ten days, and the others were not broughthome till that age, as not only sweet milk, but that of theirown dams, is at that time preferable to any other food. Whenthe number was completed, the allowance ol sweet milk wasgradually diminished, and a portion of skimmed milk or whey,and turnips boiled to a jelly, were added to it. The quanti-ty of the turnips was increased by degrees, and they wereboiled less and less. At the end of a month they were givenraw, cut into thin slices, and served up in a small manger,having a rack above for oats on the straw. From this time,they had very little of either sweet or skimmed milk, and atethe turnips and oats with a good appetite. The place inwhich they were confined was kept clean and dry by abun-dance of litter, and in mild weather they were turned outonce a-day. As they were always early calves, they wereready to go to the first of the grass, and, at the end of sum-mer, were not inferior in size and condition to late calves thathad been reared wholly on milk, and they took immediatelyto their winter allowance of turnips and straw. There neverWas a death among them.
Oil-cake has been also used as a substitute with very goode ect > and milk wholly withdrawn after the first three or four^veeks. The cake was broken into small pieces, and thrownmto a tub into which boiling water was then poured, and the