OF SCOTLAND.

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fiocd repeatedly, lime and coals brought home, in several si-tuations, particularly in the counties of Berwick and Rox-burgh , from a great distance, often above 20 miles ; the haycarried to the stack-yard; and, if wheat is sown in autumnon the clover stubbles, it is often found advantageous to givethe land two or more ploughings, or a rag-falloct, as it iscalled. The month of September is fully occupied in carry-ing the crop, and, on very good soils, in sowing wheat afterclovers. The same rotation of labour again begins, andevery day throughout the year, in which men and horses canwork without, has its share of the labours of the season.

2. With regard to clay soils, the greater part of this state-ment is also applicable to them, the chief points of differencebeing the culture of the land for beans at the season whenspring wheat is sown in the former case, and that, instead ofturnips, a fourth, sixth, or eighth part of the arable land isunder fallow, and seeded with wheat in autumn. The tur-nip-land farmer may be said to be matched against time only,for he is less exposed to obstructions from the vicissitudes ofthe weather ; but the clay-land farmer, besides being equallyurged in point of time, particularly in sowing his beans inspring, and wheat after fallow and beans in autumn, is al-ways in danger of seeing his greatest exertions and best con-ducted operations defeated, under a climate so variable asthat of Scotland .

On both kinds of soil there is often a necessity for extra-ordinary exertions at particular seasons, of which it may suf-fice to give an instance in the case of turnip-sowing.—Theland must be ploughed three times at an average, eventhough it has been somfc time under regular rotations, andwill often require one or two ploughings more. All of theseexcept the first must be given in April, May, and part ofJune. After every spring ploughing, the brake, harrows,and roller must be employed, more or less according to thecondition of the land ; whatever that may be, the harrowsmust go over it seldom fewer than twelve times after the diife-