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situated on the shores of inland seas, or the banks of navigablelakes and rivers, to attain to the benefits of a more early and amore extended civilization. To the same head, of facility of in-tercourse and exchange, may be referred the common consent ofholding money as the common measure of value, and bills of ex-change as the representatives of money; together with the sepa-rate profession of the banker;—the origin of the distinct profes-sions of the wholesale and retail merchants; whether stationarywith their wares in their shops and warehouses, or ambulatoryin caravans; whether attending fairs, or traversing the countryas solitary pedlars. All these facilities spring up of course, asthere is a demand for them ; and, in general, are the proper sub-jects of private enterprise, rather than of public institution.

Industry is the unremitting and strenuous application of skill,dexterity, and stock, to their proper profitable occupation. Itimplies the existence of each, to a certain degree, and augmentsthe quantity of both. Its appropriate excitement is found inman’s wants and desires, joined to the certain prospect of apply-ing its fruits to their relief and gratification. On particular oc-casions, it may be awakened to strong exertion by his benevo-lence;—but though this motive in the case of his descendants,(whom he identifies in a manner with his own existence), alwaysacts strongly, and almost uniformly, and occasionally in othercases shows considerable force ; yet, in general, it is a motiveof much less energy, or, at least, by no means to be dependedupon, for such unvarying constancy in its operation, as his sel-fishness.

A right of property, therefore, or an exclusive title to the pos-session, use, and enjoyment of the subject, to which his industryfias been attached, must be secured to him, that his industry mayfie excited by its proper motive ; for, as it is not given to man tocreate, his industry can produce no new existence of substance,but merely some modification of the form of what previously ex-ited. But the form cannot be presented to him in an abstractshape, detached from the subject. A right of property, there-fore, to the form (the product of his industry) must imply in it,as indispensable to its existence, a right to the subject in con-crete with its modifications; at least, to such extent as is neces-sary to admit of these modifications being used and enjoyed.Indeed, in many instances, the industry of man can extend nofarther than to the mere occupation of the subject, under thenginal form in which it is presented by nature.

That the savage may be excited, even to the simplest of all’uodes of industry, that of mere occupation, in collecting natu-ral produce; the laws of his tribe must ascertain to him the pro-perty of what he has individually collected, or of his proportionalshare, where it hath been a business of cooperation,—of the ap-P'e he has plucked, or the root he has dug up,—or of his pro-