286
for paper of almost every description. Paper used for hangingsis also manufactured in Scotland .
The total number of paper-mills in Scotland is about sixty,employing between three and four thousand persons. *
The excise duty collected on paper for the year ending the 5thJanuary 1813, amounted to 42,787/. 16s. 5^d.
5. Iron.
The manufacture of iron has been carried of late years to greatextent in Scotland , both in extracting the metal from the ore,and in converting it afterwards to various important purposes.
Iron is extracted from the ore of iron-stone by smelting : it isthen termed pig-iron, which by a further process may be madeinto malleable iron, and afterwards into steel.
Iron Manufactories .—The most extensive manufactory in Eu-rope is that of Carron, near Falkirk , which was established in1760. The quantity of iron smelted is 6500 tons yearly, andabout 2000 people are constantly employed. There are 12 Ironworks in Scotland , and in all 21 blast furnaces, at 19 of whichcharred coal, and at 2 in Argyleshirc, charred wood are used;the whole of which produces, on an average, 30 tons of iron eachper week, or 32,760 annually, which, at 11. per ton, amount invalue to 229,320/. Sterling. They likewise employ 7620 peoplein the different operations of the manufacture.
Besides these works where pig-iron is made, there are between40 and .50 foundries in Scotland, at Edinburgh, Glasgow , Pais-ley, Greenock, Ayr, Dumfries, Kilmarnock, Perth, Dundee, Ar-broath, Montrose, Aberdeen , Dunbar, &c., 11 of which are atGlasgow alone; and the whole employ upwards of 1000 hands.
A part of the pig-iron made in Scotland is exported to Eng-land, Ireland , and America; but the greatest consumption is bythe foundries at home, which convert it into an immense varietyof articles, such as agricultural implements, manufacturingmachinery, including steam-engines and water-wheels, cisterns,boilers, pipes, domestic utensils, See. It is also applied in build-ing bridges and houses; in pillars for churches, warehouses, andmanufactories; in erecting railways, and to an endless variety ofother useful purposes. Its annual value is computed at 500,000/.
The application of iron, in its three different states, of pig-iron, malleable or bar iron, and steel, is so very extensive andminute, that it is impossible to ascertain either the extent or va-lue of the articles fabricated. Bar iron and steel are forged byblacksmiths into all sorts of culinary and other domestic utensils;agricultural implements; ships’ anchors, bolts, &c.; boilers for
* At Ballerno-Bank mill, near Edinburgh , a new spedes of paper hasbee 0made from the refuse and cuttings of leather, xvliich resembles parchment l -is well calculated for many useful purposes, and the manufacture is as s;srip;eas that of common paper.