2188

ARBORETUM AND FRUTICETUM.

PART III.

Derivation. From juneprus, rough or rude, Celt., the plants of this genus being stiff shrubs; or

from juniores pariem, from the young and old leaves being on the tree at the same time, or with

reference to the young fruit being produced before the old fruit drops off.

Description, Geography, ifc. Evergreen shrubs and trees; natives of Eu-rope, Asia, Africa, and America ; mostly hardy in British gardens. The woodof all the species is more or less aromatic, and very durable. The berries areemployed in medicine as a diuretic, and are used in flavouring gin; but insome species the aromatic is united with an acrid principle, as in the savin.According to Royle, the berries of the common juniper secrete sugar, as wellas an essential oil. The genus has a very extensive geographical range.The common juniper is found in most parts of Europe and North America;and it was also seen by Capt. Webb on the Neetee Pass, in the Himalayas,where it is called Bilhara, also Pudma, and Pumaroa ; and by Mr. Inglis, inKunawar. Here there is also another species, J. religiosa Royle (? J. recurvaHam.), called Gogul by the natives, and employed for burning as incense intheir religious ceremonies. The most common species, however, in India,is .7. squamosa Royle (.7. squamata Z). Don), occurring on such mountains asChoor and Kedarkauta, as high as 11,000 ft.; as well as near Neetee, &c. ;and on Peer Punjal, as well as Gossainthan. In the last-mentioned place,J. reciirva is also found. As there is some difficulty in distinguishing thespecies, it is not easy to ascertain what species is called bastard, or creeping,cedar, in contradistinction to the Himalaya cedar wood (Juniperus excelsa),found in Gossainthan, in Kamaon, and on the confines of Tartary. This,in its foliage, resembles Cupressus torulosa, specimens of which, indeed, aremixed with those of .7. excelsa in the East Indian herbarium. The formerappears to be the plant called Theloo by the natives, and seen by Huree Singbetween Simla and Phagoo, near a small piece of water; and by MurdanAly, a very intelligent plant collector, near Saughee Ke Ghat, a high hillto the southward of llol. It is also found in Kamaon, near Neetee, Simla,and in Kunawar. ( Royle III.) The species, with the exception of three orfour, which have grown to some size, and ripened fruit in England, arevery imperfectly known to British cultivators ; and, probably, some of thosekinds which we have given as distinct species may prove not to be so.We could not, however, avoid this, from the impossibility of seeing anyplants of many of the kinds, but those which were quite young. All thespecies are readily propagated by seeds, which retain their vitality, whenkept in the berry, for several years; and, when sown, lie one year, and oftentwo years, before they come up. They may also be increased by cuttings,planted in sandy soil, in a shady situation, in the autumn, and covered witha hand-glass during winter; or by layers.

Insects. The juniper is not much frequented by insects. Two species ofBritish lepidopterous insects, however, derive their names from feeding uponthis tree; namely, Thera juniperata, a very rare species of Geometridae( Steph. Illust., pi. 31. f. 2.); and Anacampsis Juniperella (one of the 2'ineidae).Three species of Linnaean Hemiptera, also, are named from their inhabitingthis plant; namely, Pentatoma juniperina (one of the field bugs), A'phisjuniperi (a species of plant louse), and Phrlps juniperi ; as well as a saw-fly( Penthredo juniperi). — J. O. W.

The 'Fungi are not very numerous. On the leaves of Ju-niperus communis are found Hysterium Pinastri var.

Juniperi Fr., Hysterium Jimiperi Grev., t. 26., and ourfig. 23i2. ; and Podisdma folilcolum Berk. On the livingbranches are found Gyinnosporangimn Jimiperi IJc., andPodisdma Juniperi communis Fr., which are a kind of per-ennial mildew, resembling in structure Puccini®, with theaddition of copious gelatine. On Juniperus Sabina occursPodisdma Juniperi Nabinm. — M. J. B.