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ARBORETUM AND FRUTICETUM.

PART III.

Derivation. From juneprus, rough or rude, Celt., the plants of this genus being stiff shrubs; or

from juniores pariens, from the young and old leaves being on the tree at the same time, or with

reference to the young fruit being produced before the old f ruit drops off

Description, Geography, $c. Evergreen shrubs and trees; natives of Eu-rope, Asia, Africa, and America ; mostly hardy in British gardens. The woodof all the species is more or less aromatic, and very durable. The berries areemployed in medicine as a diuretic, and are used in flavouring gin; hut insome species the aromatic is united with an acrid principle, as in the savin.According to Royle, the'berries of the common juniper secrete sugar, as wellas an essential oil. The genus has a very extensive geographical range.The common juniper is found in most parts of Europe and North America ;and it was also seen by Capt. Webb on the Neetee Pass, in the Himalayas ,where it is called Bilhara, also Pndma, and Pumaroa ; and by Mr. Inglis, inKunawar. Here there is also another species,J. religidsa Royle (?./. recurvaHam.), called Gogul by the natives, and employed for burning as incense intheir religious ceremonies. The most common species, however, in India ,is •/. squamosa Royle (J . squamiita D. Don), occurring on such mountains asChoor and Kedarkauta, as high as 11,000 ft.; as well as near Neetee, &e.;and on Peer Punjal, as well as Gossainthan. In the last-mentioned place,J. recurva is also found. As there is some difficulty in distinguishing thespecies, it is not easy to ascertain what species is called bastard, or creeping,cedar, in contradistinction to the Himalaya cedar wood (Juniperus excelsa),found in Gossainthan, in Kamaon, and on the confines of Tartary. This,in its foliage, resembles C'upressus torulosa, specimens of which, indeed, aremixed with those of J. excelsa in the East Indian herbarium. The formerappears to be the plant called Theloo by the natives, and seen by Huree Singbetween Simla and Phagoo, near a small piece of water; and by MurdanAly, a very intelligent plant collector, near Saughee Ke Ghat, a high hillto the southward of Rol. It is also found in Kamaon, near Neetee, Simla,and in Kunawar. ( Royle III.) The species, with the exception of three orfour, which have grown to some size, and ripened fruit in England, arevery imperfectly known to British cultivators; and, probably, some of thosekinds which we have given as distinct species may prove not to be so.We could not, however, avoid this, from the impossibility of seeing anyplants of many of the kinds, but those which were quite young. All thespecies are readily propagated by seeds, which retain their vitality, whenkept in the berry, for several years; and, when sown, lie one year, and oftentwo years, before they come up. They may also be increased by cuttings,planted in sandy soil, in a shady situation, in the autumn, and covered witha hand-glass during winter; or by layers.

Insects. The juniper is not much frequented by insects. Two species ofBritish lepidopterous insects, however, derive their names from feeding uponthis tree; namely, Thera juniperata, a very rare species of Geometridas ( Steph. Must., pi. 31. f. 3.); and Anacampsis Juniperella (one of the Tmeidse).Three species of Linnsean Hemiptera, also, are named from their inhabitingthis plant; namely, Pentatoma juniperina (one of the field bugs), A'phisjuniperi (a species of plant louse), and Thrips juniperi; as well as a saw-fly( y’enthredo juniperi). — J. O. W.

The F lingi are not very numerous. On the leaves of Ju-niperus communis are found Hysterium Pinastri var.

Juniperi Fr., Hysterium Juniperi Grev., t. 26., and ourJig. 2342.; and Podisoma foliicolum Berk. On the livingbranches are found Gymnosporangium Juniperi LI:., andPodisoma Juniperi communis Fr., which are a kind of per-ennial mildew, resembling in structure Puccini®, with theaddition of copious gelatine. On Juniperus Sabina occursPodisoma Juniperi Sabina;. — M. J. 11.

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