or words ending in arous , erous, and orous, asbarbarous, vociferous, and humorous ; all whichhave the accent on the antepenultimate syllable,except canorous and sonorous; which some un-lucky scholar happening to pronounce with theaccent on the penultimate syllable, \n order toshow their derivation from the Latin adjectives,canorus and sonorus, they stand like strangersamidst a crowd of similar words, and are sure tobetray a mere English scholar into a wrong pro-nunciation. .

To polysyllables in these terminations might beadded those in alive, atory, ctive, &c.*, wordsending in ative can never have the accent on thepenultimate syllable, if there is a higher syllableto place it on, except in the word creative ; andwhen this is the case, as it is seldom otherwise,tlie accent seems to rest on the rootot the word ;or on that syllable which has the accent on thenoun, adjective, or verb, with which the word inative corresponds : thus copulative, estimative, al-terative, &c. follow the verbs to copulate, to esti-mate, to alter, &c. When derivation does notoperate to fix the accent, a double consonant willattract it to the antepenultimate syllable, as ap-pellative ; and two consonants have sometimesthis power, in opposition to derivation, as \ adver-sative and argumentative, from adverse and argu-ment. I?idicalive and interrogative are likewiseexceptions, as they do not follow the verbs toindicate and interrogate: but, as they are grana-nuuical terms, they seem to have taken theiraccent from the secondary accent we sometimesgive to the Latin words indicativus and interro-gative (see the word Academy ). Words endingin ary, ery, or oi'y, have generally the accent onthe root of the word ; which, if it consists of threesyllables, must necessarily be accented on thefirst, as contrary, treachery , factory, &c.; if offinir or five, the accent is generally on that syl-lable which has the accent in the related or kin-dred words ; thus expostulatory has the accent onthe same radical syllables as expostulate; andcongratulatory , an congratulate: interrogatory andderogatory are exceptions here, as in the termi-nation ative ; ami if pacificatory, sacrijicgtory *,signijicatory, vesicatory , &c. have not the accenton tiie first syllable, it seems to arise from theaversion we seem to have at placing even thesecondary accent on the antepenultimate a(which we should be very apt to do if the primcipal accent were on the first syllable), and thedifficulty there would be in pronouncing suchlong words with so many unaccented syllablesat the end, if we were to lay the accent on thefirst. Words ending \v\ ctiue have the accent re-gularly on the penultimate syllable, except ad-jective, which, like indicative, being a grammati-cal word, seems to have taken its accent from thesecondary stress of the Latin adjcctivus (seeAcademy); and every word ending in tive, pre-ceded by a consonant, has the accent on thepenultimate syllable likewise, except substantive ;and, perhaps, for the reason just given. Afterall, Jt must be owned that words ending in ativeand atory are the most irregular and desultory ofany in the. language; as they are generally ac-c ?»ted v 'cry far from the end, they are the mostdifheult to pronounce ; and therefore, wheneverusage will permit, we should incline the stress asmuch as possible to the latter syllables*, thusrejractory ought never to have the accent on thefirst syllable ; but refectory, with the accent "bnthe first, is a school term, and, like substantive ,adjective, indicative, and interrogative, must bej ett in quiet possession of their Latin secondaryaccent. J

Enclitical Accent,

513. I have ventured to give the name of encli-

* These words ought certainly to be accentedalike; and accordingly we find Dr. Johnson, Mr.Sheridan, Mr. Barclay, and Mr. Smith, place theaccent on the second syllable; but though Pen-ning accents signijicatory in the same manner, heplaces the accent on the antepenultimate of paci-ficatory ; and Ketmck likewise accents the secondsyllable of signijicatory, but the first of pacifica-tory : the other orlhoepists who have not got theseWords have avoided these inconsistencies.

ENCLITICAL ACCENT. b3

tical to the accent of certain words, whose termi-nations arc formed of such words as seem to losetheir own accent, and throw it back on the laotsyllable of the word with which they coalesce,such as theology, orthography, See. The readinesswith which these words take the antepenultimateaccent, the agreeable flow of sound to the ear,and the unity it preserves in. "lie sense, are suffi-cient proofs of the propriety of placing the accenton this syllable, if custom were ambiguous. I donot remember to have heard the accent disputedin any word ending in ology ; but orthography isnot (infrequently pronounced with the accent onthe first syllable, like orthodoxy. The temptationwe are under to discover our knowledge of thecomponent parts of words is very apt to draw usinto this pronunciation ; but as those words whichare derived from the Greek, and are compoundedof ko-yos, have universally given into this encliticalaccentuation, no good reason appears for prevent-ing a similar pronunciation in those compoundedof ypevpw, as by placing the accent on the ante-penultimate syllable the word is much morefluent and agreeable to the ear. It is certain,however, that at first sight the most plausiblereasoning in the world seems to lie against thisaccentuation. When we place the accent on thefirst syllable, say our opponents, we give a kindof subordinate stress to the third syllable graph:by which means the word is divided into its pri-mitives 05605 and 754 <$xu, and those distinct ideas itcontains are preserved, which must necessarilybe confounded by the contrary inode ; and thatpronunciation of compounds, say they, must cer-tainly be the best which best preserves the im-port of the simples.

514. Nothing can be more specious than thisreasoning, till we look a little higher than lan-guage, and consider its object; we shall then dis-cover, that in uniting two words under oneaccent, so as to form one compound term, we dobut imitate the superior operations of the mind,which, in order to collect and convey knowledge,unite several simple ideas into one complex one.

“ The end of language," says Mr. Locke, “ is byshort sounds to signify with ease and despatchgeneral conceptions, wherein not only abundanceof particulars are contained, but also a greatvariety of independent ideas are collected intoone complex one, and that which holds these dif-ferent parts together in the unity of one complexidea is the word we annex to it.” For, as Mr.Locke continues, “ Men, in framing ideas, seekmore the convenience of language and quick de-spatch by short and comprehensive signs thanI the true and precise nature of things; and there-I fore he who has made a complex idea ol a bodyI with life, sense, and motion, with a faculty ofreason joined to it, need but use the short mono-syllable, man, to express all particulars that cor*respond to that complex idea.” So it may besubjoined, that, in framing words for the purposeof immediate communication, the end of thiscommunication is best answered by such a pro-nunciation as unites simples into one compound,and at the same time renders the compound asmuch a simple as possible : but it is evident thatthis is done by no mode of accentuation so wellas that which places the accent on the antepennl-timate syllable of the words thedlogy, orthography ;and therefore that this accentuation, without in-sisting on its superior harmony, must best answerthe great end of language, 328.

515. This tendency in our language to simplifycompounds is sufficiently evident in that nume-rous catalogue of words, where we find the lungvowel of the simple changed into a short one inthe compound, and by this means losing much ofits original import to the ear: thus breakfast,shepherd, vineyard , meadoui, shadow, zealous,hearken, valley , cleanse, cleanly (neat), forehead,wilderness, bewilder, kindred, hinder, knowledgedarling,JearJul, pleasant,pleasure, whitster,

leather, seamstress, steulth, wealth, health, wisdom, wizard, parentage, lineage, children, pastygosling, coliter, holiday , Christmas , Michaelmaswindlass, cripple, hinder, stripling, starling, housewife, husband, primer, peascod, fieldfare, birtffrom bear, dearth from dear, weary from wearand many others, entirely lose the sound of Llsimple in their compound or derivative.

510, The long i m white, when a simple, is aj