36
ADN
trutor. The persons to whom administration is granted, are a hus-band, wife, children, the father, mother, brothers, or sisters, and,in genera!, to the next of kin, as unde, aunt, cousin ; then to acreditor.
ADMIRAL, in maritime affairs, a great officer, who com-mands the naval forces of a kingdom or state, and decides all ma-ritime causes. Authors are divided with regard to the origin anddenomination of this important officer. The most probable opi-nion is that of Sir Henry Spehnan, who thinks, that both thename and dignity were derived from the Saracens ; for admiral,in the Arabian language, signifies a prince, or chief ruler, andwas the ordinary title ofthe governors of cities, provinces, &c. andtherefore they called the commander of the navy by that name,as a name of dignity and honour. Du Cange assures us, that theSicilians were the first, and the Genoese the next, who gave thedenomination of Admiral to the commanders of their naval arma-ments; and that they took it from the Saracen or Arabic Emir, ageneral name for every commanding officer. Sir Ilenry Spelmanis of opinion that the term was first used in the reign of Henry III.because neither the laws of Oleron made in 12(113, nor Bracton,who wrote about that time, make anv mention of it: and that itwas not used in a charter in the eighth of Henry HI. wherein liegranted this office to Richard de Lacy, by these words MuritimamAnglitc; but in the 56th year of {he same reign, not only thehistorians, but the charters themselves, very frequently use theword admiral. Before the use of the word admiral was known,the title of custos maris was used.
Admiral, Lord High, op England, in some ancient re-■cords called capitaneus maritimarum, an officer of great anti-quity and trust, as appears by the laws of .Oleron , so denominatedfrom tlie place they were made at by Richard I . The first titleof Admiral of England, expressly conferred upon a subject, wasgiven by patent ot Richard II. to Richard Fitz-Allen, junr. Earlof Arundel and Surrey. This great officer has the managementof all maritime affairs, and the government of the royal navy,'with power of decision in all maritime cases both civil and crimi-nal: he judges of all things done upon or beyond the sea, in anypart of the world; upon the sea-coasts, in all ports and havens,and upon all rivers below the first bridge from the sea. By him,vice-admirals, rear-admirals, and all sea-captains, are commis-sioned ; all deputies for particular coasts, and coroners to viewdead bodies found on the sea-coasts, or at sea: he also appointsthe judges for his court of admiralty, and may imprison, release, &c.All ports and havens are infra corpus conututus, and the admiralhath no jurisdiction of any thing done in them. Between highand low' w'ater mark, the common law and the high admiral havejurisdiction bv turns, one upon the water, and live oilier upon theland.—The ford admiral has power, not only over the seamenserving in his ships of war, but over all other seamen, to arrestthem for the service of the state; and if any one of them runaway,without leave of the admiral, lie hath power to make a recordtiiereof, and certify the same to the sheriffs, mayors, bailiffs, &c.who shall cause them to he apprehended and imprisoned. Wehave had no high admiral for some years ; the office being put incommission, or under the administration of the lords commis-sioners of the admiralty, who by statute have the same power andauthority as the lord high admiral.
Admiral, Rear, is the commander of the third squadron,and carries his (lag at the mizen top-mast head.
Admiral, Vick, is the commander of the second squadron,and carries his flag at the fore-top-mast head. He is an officerappointed by the lords commissioners of the admiralty.
Admiral is also an appellation given to the most considerableship of a lleet of merchantmen.
Admiral, in conchologv, a very beautiful shell of the volulagenus. See Voluta. Of these the curious reckon four species.1. The grand-admiral. 2. The vice-admiral. 3. The orange-admiral. And, 4. The extra-admiral. The first is the most es-teemed, and a.single shell lias been sold in Holland for five hun-dred llorins. It is of a very elegant and bright white enamel, andis variegated with hands of yellow, representing in some degreethe colours of the flags of a man of war at sea; hence it obtainedits name. It is of a very curious shape, and formed with particu-lar elegance about tin* head ; the clavicle being exerted. 1 hereruns along the centre, of the large yellow baud, a fine denticulatedline, which is its distinguishing character. The vice-admiral, is
an elegant shell, its broad band wants the denticulated line. Theorange-admiral has more yellow than either of the others. Theextra-admiral has the same hands with these, but they run intoone another, and form a more mixed clouding.
ADMIRALTY properly signifies the office of iord-high-ad-miral, whether discharged bvone, or several joint-commissionerscalled lords of the admiralty. In Holland there were five admi-ralties, boards, or chambers, composed of the deputies of thenobles, the provinces, and towns; who had the care of fittingout fleets, and in general, of all maritime affairs.
Admiralty, Court of, is a sovereign court, held by the lord ’
high admiral, or lords of the admiralty, where cognizance is ;
taken in all maritime affairs, whether civil’ or criminal.—All crimescommitted on the high seas, or on great rivers below the firstbridge next the sea, are cognizable in this court only, and beforewhich they must be tried by judge and jury. But in civil casesthe mode is different, the decisions being all made according tothe civil law, the reason of which is, that the sea is without tiiejurisdiction of tlie common law. In case any person is sued intlie admiralty court, contrary to tlie statutes, lie may have tliewrit of supersedeas to stop farther proceedings, and also an ac-tion for double damages'against tlie person suing. Subordinateto this court there is another of equity called court-merchant;wherein all causes between merchants are decided, agreeably totlie rules of tlie civil law. J
Admiralty Islands lie in about 2. 18. S. Lut. and 146.
43. E. Long. They are between 20 and 30 in number. CaptainCarteret, tlie discoverer, describes them as clothed with a beauti-ful verdure of woods, lofty and luxuriant, interspersed w ith spotsthat have been cleared for plantations, groves of cocoa nut trees,and houses of the natives, who seem to be very numerous. Thelargest of these islands is 18 leagues long.
ADMIRATION, in a general sense denotes the act of beingmuch delighted with, or highly prizing, some rare excellence;and sometimes tlie astonishment conceived at some extraordinaryevent. “ It is obvious,” says Dr. C’ogan, “ that tlie range ofadmiration is from the simple approbation of the mind, up tothe most lively sensation, according to our conceptions of the ex-tent of excellence, and also the degrees of our interest in its ef- ,
fects. It is also blended with various other emotions according 1
to different circumstances attendant upon tlie passion. It is fre- *
quently introduced by surprise : when, for example, the disco-very of these excellencies is sudden and unexpected, and thenit becomes a vivid emotion. It is generally connected with some »degree of wonder; as we are frequently ignorant of the causeswhich enabled any one greatly to excel ourselves or others; but ,
as it is always excited by tlie real discovery of some qualities, it fl
is not to be confounded with an emotion that proceeds from ig- •
norance and embarrassment previous to tlie discovery.” Gram- Mmarians express this affection or state of mind by a character jjcalled a note of admiration, and marked tints (!).
ADM1TTENDO Clekico is a writ granted to him wiio hath 'recovered his right of presentation against the bishop in the com-mon pleas. I
Admittendo in Socium is a writ for the association of cer- |tain persons to Justices of Assize formerly appointed. J
ADMONITIO Fustium, among the Romans, a military pu-nishment, not unlike our whipping, only it was performed withvine branches.
ADMON ITION, in ecclesiastical affairs, a part of discipline wmuch used in tlie ancient church. In case of private offences, itwas performed privately; in case of public offence, openly,before the church. If niue admonitions failed, recourse was had ,to excommunication. 1
ADMOR TIZATION, in the feudal customs, tlie reductionofthe property of lands or tenements to mortmain. See Mortmain . 1 I
ADNAI1, one of the captains of the tribe of Manasseh, that *
joined David at Ziklag, '
ADNATA 'Tunica, (from adnascor ), tlie white of the eye, * !Tunica albuginea oculi. it lies between the conjunctiva and scle-rotica. , , • ’I
Adnata is also a term used,for, such tilings as grow upon aui-.mal or vegetable bodies, whether inseparably, as hair, wool, fhorns, &c. or accidentally, as the several cpistical plants, j
ADNOL'N, ADNOh'lEN, or ADNAME, the same as ad- >
jectivc.
AD