142

ANATOMY.

. t

Muscles on the Foot.

Name.

5. Lu rubricates pe-dis.

Jo. Flexor brevispolbcis pedis.

.7. Adductor polli-cis pedis.

8. Trans vtfrsalespedis.

9- Flexor brevis mi-nimi digiti pedis.

10. Interossei pedisinterni.

Interossei pedisexterni.

Origin.

From tlie tendons of tlie liexor longus digi-torum pedis.

From tlie inferior and anterior part of theos caleis, and also fronv the inferior partof the os cuneiforme externum.

From near the roots of the metatarsal bonesof the 2d, 3d, and 4th toes.

From the outer ami under part of the an-terior end of the metatarsal bone of thelittle toe.

From the basis of the metatarsal bone ofthe little toe.

Situated between the metatarsal bones.

III. SPLANCHNOLOGY;

Or, The Doctrine of the Bowels.

By the term viscera or bowels, is to be understood principallythe contents of the abdomen and thorax.

The Abdomen extends from tlie lower extremity of the sternum,or the hollow, usually called scrobiculus cordi-, or the pit of thestomach, to the lower part of the trunk. It consists of three divisions,called regions; viz. the epigastric, umbilical, andh vpogastric.

'l he Epigastric Region begins immediately under the ster-num, and extends to within two fingers breadths of the navel ;where the middle of the umbilical region begins, and reaches tothe same distance below the navel. The hypogastric includes therest of the abdomen, as far as the os pubis. Each of these regionsis subdivided into three others; two of which compose the sides,and the other the middle part of each region. The middle partof the upper region is called epigastrium, and its two sides hypo-chondria. The middle part of the next region, the umbilicalregion, properly so called, and its two sides, are the flanks, oriliac regions. ’Lastly, the middle part of the lower region re-tains the name of hypogastrium, and its sides are called inguina orgroins.—The back part of the abdomen hears the name of lumbarregion. These are the divisions of the abdomen, which ought tobe remembered, as they frequently occur in surgical and anatomi-cal writings. When the skin, adipose membrane, and abdominalmuscles are removed, we discover tlie peritonamm or membranethat envelopes all the viscera of the abdomen. Upon openingtheperitonaeum, the first part that presents is the omentum or cau l,floating on the surface of the intestines, which are likewise seenevery where loose and moist, and making a great number of cir-cumvolutions through the whole cavitv of the abdomen. Thestomach is placed in the epigastrium, and under the stomach is thepancreas.— The liver fills the right hypochondricun, and the spleenis situated in the left. Thekidnies are situated about tlie middleof the lumbar region, and the urinary bladder and parts of genera-tion are seated in the lower division of the abdomen.

The Peritonaeum is a strong membrane which lines thewhole cavity of the abdomen, and envelopes and partly supportsthe liver, spleen, omentum, stomach, intestines, and mesentery,with all their vessels and glands. The superior portion of it ex-tends over that part of the diaphragm, which constitutes a part ofthe cavity of the abdomen. It may be considered as a singlemembrane, though described bv many anatomist'- as a duplicatureof two distinct membranous laminae. Its inner substance is very-smooth, and polished on that side which is next the viscera, andit is continually moistened by a serous fluid, discharged throughalmost imperceptible pores, opening chiefly from lhe exhalentvessels. The cellular substance, or external portion of the perito-naeum, adheres verv closely to the parts which form the insides ofthe cavity of the abdomen; but it is not everv where of an equalthickness. The peritonienm serves to line (fie cavity of the ab-domen, to invest the viscera contained in that cavity as in a com-mon bag, to supply them with particular coats, and to form pro-ductions. ligaments,’connections, folds, Ac. The fine fluid, whichtransudes through tlie whole internal surface of the peritoneum,

Insertion.

Into the tendinous expansionat the upper part of the toes.

By 2 tendons into tlie first jointof the great toe.

Into the outer os se-amoideum,or lirst joint of the great toe.

Into (lie inner os sesamoideuni,and anterior end of the me-tatarsal bone of the great toe.

Into the first joint of the littletoe.

Use.

To draw the toes inwards.

To bend the first joint of (.lie greattoe.

To draw tlie great toe nearer t«the rest, nnd’ulso to bend it.

To contract tiic foot.

To bend the little toe.

prevents the inconveniences which might arise from the continualfrictions and motions, to which the viscera of the abdomen are ex-posed, either naturally, or by accident. When this fluid issupplied in too great a quantity, or the absorbents become inca-pable of carrying it off, it accumulates, and constitutes an ascitesor dropsy of the belly ; and when by any means tt;e exhalation isdiscontinued, the peritonaeum thic kens, becomes diseased, and theviscera are sometimes found adhering to eacli other. The perito-nium is not very vascular. In a sound state it seems to be enduedwith little or no feeling, and the nerves that pass through it appearto belong to the abdominal muscles.

'lhe Omentum, Epiloon, or Cawl, is a fine membrane,interlarded w-ith fat, in a kind of net-work. It is formed by aduplicature of the peritonamm, and falls loosely over the surfaceof the small intestines, resembling an apron tucked up. Its outeror superior portion, termed ala superior, is connected to the bottomof tlie stomach, the spleen, and part of the duodenum ; and thencedescending a little lower than the navel, is reflected and tied tothe colon, the spleen, and part of the duodenum. This last partis called ala inferior; and the space between the air is named bursa.Its use is to lubricate the intestines, in order that they may'theeasier perform their peristaltic motions. This part was the onlyI one known to the ancients under thonamc- of epiploon ; but at pre-sent we distinguish three omenta, viz. magnum colico-gastricum,parvum hepatico-gastricmn, and colicum. They are all formedof too very delicate lamina-, separated by a thin layer of cellularmembrane. These last are styled by some anatomists, appen-dices epiploicax

The Ductus _ Alimf.ntai.is, the alimentary duet ordinalconsists of the (esophagus, and stomach, together with the largeand small intestines.

1. The (Esophagus, or Gullet , is a canal, partly muscular,and partly membranous; which c ommences at the inferior pail ofthe mouth, and descends along tlie neck and back part of thej thorax, into the abdomen, where it joins to the stomach. It isI made up of four coats: The tirst is formed only hv a duplicature! of the posterior part of the mediastinum, and is wanting above them thorax and in the neck. The second coat is made up of severalj strata of Heshy fibres, mostly longitudinal, and their quantity isI considerably greater. The third is termed the nervous coat, andis like that* of the stomach and intestines. It is distributed ini folds or plaits according to its length, and is surrounded by aI whitish cotton-like substance, which, when steeped in water,

; swells and grows thicker. The fourth or innermost c oat resembles,

: in some measure, that of the intestines ; exceptthat, instead of the:

villi, it has small and very short papilla', ft is folded lengthwise,

I like the third coat; so that the ersophagus, when cut across, re-presents one tube within .mother. '1 hroughlhe pores of this coat,

: a viscid lymph is continually discharged, to facilitate the passage| of food into the stomac h.

j 2. Vkntkiculus, the-stcibach, is a great bag or reservoir,j situated partly in the left hvpochondr.um, and partly in the cpi-| gastrium. Its figure is like that of the hag of a hag-pipe ; oblong,j im urvated, large and capacious at one end, and small and con-traded at the other. We see in this kind of ligure two arc hes or

curvatures^