A R B

203

ARC

ARBERG, or AARBERG, a fortiiied town of Switzerland , inthe canton of Bern , 10 miles IS. W. of Bern.

ARBES, a city ot r l unis. It contains many relics of Romaninscriptions, Ac.

ARBITER, in tlie civil law, a judge nominated by a magis-trate, to decide differences between parties.

ARBITRARY Power. See D kspotism, Monarchy, Src.Arbitrary Punishment, in law, denotes such punishmentsas are by statute left to the discretion of the judge. Jt is a gene-ral rule in arbitrary punishments, that the judge cannot inflict death.

ARBITRATION, or COMPARISON of EXCHANGE.See Arithmetic,

Arbitration, in law, is where the parties, injuring and injured,submit ail matters in dispute, concerning any personal chattels orpersonal wrong, to the judgement of two or more arbiters oraibitrators; who are to decide the controversy: and if they donot agree, it is usual to add, that another person be called in asumpire, (imperator or inipar,) to whose sole judgement it is thenreferred. Sometimes there is only one arbitrator originally ap-pointed. This decision, in any of these cases, is called an award.And thereby the question is as 'fuily determined, and the righttransferred or settled, as it could have been by the agreement ofthe parties, or judgement of a court of justice. See Law.

ARBI 1 RATOR, a private extraordinary judge, chosen by themutual consent of parties, to determine controversies between them.

ARBOGA, an ancient inland town of Sweden , in Westmania,6b miles W. of Stockholm .

ARBOIS, a town of Prance, in the department of Jura, 22miles S. W. of Besancon . Lon. 5. 40. E. Lat. 46. 55. N.

ARBON, an ancient town of Switzerland . Lon. 9. 30. E.Lat. 4. 38. N.

ARBOR, in chemi-try, or arbor philosophies, is a name com-mon to several metalline crystallizations; thus called from theirramifications resembling a tree.

Arbor, in mechanics, the principal part of a machine, which,serves to sustain the rest; also the axis or spindle on which a ma-chine turns, as the arbor of a crane, windmill, &c.

Arbor pianos, or Arbor lun>e, a kind of crystallization,in which aqua fortis incorporated writh silver and mercury, beingput in water, expands and shoots itself into an appearance of atree, with branches, leaves, and flowers.

ARBORESCENT, an epithet applied to such objects as re-semble trees.

ARBOR genealogtca, a tree of genealogy', or consanguinity,signiiies a lineage drawn out under the resemblance of root, stock,branches, &c.

Arbor martis, in chemistry, is germination of iron resem-bling a natural plant, the invention ot the younger Lemery. Itis formed by adding, to the solution of iron tilings in diluted ni-tric acid, a quantity ofcorbonate of potash in a deliquescent state.

Arbor martis, in natural history, is applied to coral, becauseit grows like a tree in the sea.

Arbor phtlosofhica, a name common to many metalliccrystallizations.

Arbor flumbi, is a beautiful vegetation of lead. Dissolvetwo drams of acetite of lead in six ounces of distilled water,pour the filtered solution into a cylindrical glass, in which a thinfoie of zinc is suspended by a thread, and after standing at rest for’ome time the lead is precipitated and adheres to the zinc inbeautiful metallic leaves in the form of a tree.

Arbor scif.ntite, a general scheme of science.

ARBROATH, a royal burgh of Scotland , seventeen miles fromDundee .

ARBURG, or AARBURG, a town of Switzerland , in thecar, ton of Bern , on the Aar.

ARBUSTIVA, in botany, an order of plants in the Fragmenta“Iethodi Naturalis of Linnaeus.

ARBUSTUM implies a number of trees planted for the sakeof the fruit. Also a place planted with trees for fastening vines to.

ARBUTIINOT, Alexander, principal of the university ofAberdeen, in the reign of James VI. of Scotland , was born in 1538.He was an active supporter of the reformed religion. He died in^83. He was eminent as a poet, a philosopher, a mathema-tician, a lawyer, a divine, and a physician. He w’rote Orationesr w Origine & Dignitate Juris, printed at Edinburgh , 1572, 4to.Arbuthnot, John, M. D. was the son of Alexander Arbuth-

not. His Examination of Dr. Woodward’s Account of the De-luge, abounds with learning and good sense, and made himknown. He published soon after, his Essay on the Usefulness ofMathematics. His reputation in physic was fully established, by'a successful cure which he performed on Prince George of Den-mark. Queen Anne , in consequence of it appointed him one ofher phy siciasis inordinary in 1709; and, some years before thishis extensive knowledge had procured his admission into theRoyal Society . His talents and worth were his strongest recom-mendations to men of wit and learning ; ui d he entered into par-ticular connection with Pope and Swift, with whom he joined inpublishing several volumes of miscellanies; among which are thewell known Memoirs of Mai turns Scriblerus, a satire of infinitehumour, on the abuses of human learning. In 1715, he assistedPope and Gay in the Three Hours after Marriage ; a dramaticperformance, which was brought upon the stage without success.In 1727, he published Tables of ancient Coins, Weights, andMeasures ; a work of great use and real erudition. In 1732, Insvaluable tract concerning The Nature and Choice of Aliments appeared ; which, the year after, was followed by his remarks onThe Effects of Air on human Bodies. He died in 1734. Dr.Arbuthnot appears to have been in all respects a most accom-plished and amiable person. He has shewed himself equal to anyof his cotemporaries in wit and learning, and he was superior tomost men in the moral duties of life, in acts of humanity and be-nevolence. In 1731, came out, in two vols. 8vo. printed atGlasgow, The miscellaneous Works of the late Dr. Arbuthnot .

ARBI 'PUS, the Strawberry tree, a genus of the mono-gynia order, and decandria class of plants ; natural order, bicornes.Calyx five-parted ; corolla ovate ; berry five-celled, like a straw-berry. There are ten species.

ARC, or ARCTl, in geometry, any part of the circumferenceof a circle, or curved line. For finding the length of arcs, seeFluxions.

Arc, Diurnal, that part of a circle described by'a heavenlybody, between its rising and setting ; as the nocturnal arc isthat described between its setting amt rising.

Arc of Progression, or Direction, an arc of the zodiac,,which a planet seems to pass over, w hen its motion is according tothe signs.

Arc of Retrogradation, an arc of the zodiac, described bya planet, while it is retrograde, or moves contrary to the orderof the signs.

Arcs, Similar, are like parts of similar curves.

Arc, or Arck, a river of France, w'hich falls into the Isere .ARCA, in zoology, a genus of worms, order testacea. The ani-mal is a tethys; the shell hi valve and equi valve ; and the teeth of thehinge numerous, iuserted between each other. There are forty-three species.

ARCADE, in architecture, any opening in the wall of a build-ing formed by an arch.

ARCADI, or Arcadians, a learned society at Rome .ARCADIA, in ancient geography', an inland district in theheart of Peloponnesus ; mountainous, and fitter for pasture thancorn; and therefore chietlv celebrated bv pastoral poets, whofeigned Pan, the god of shepherds, to be the guardian of it. Eu-stathius says, it was anciently called l’elasgia, from Pelasgos, whobrought the people, from roots, herbs, and leaves of trees, to feedon acorns, especially beech mast; as Artemidorus observes, thatthe Arcadians usually lived on acorns. It was also called Lvcaonia,.Gigantis, and Parrhasia. It is now called Traconia, and stillabounds in corn, pastures, and woods.

Arc adia, a sea-port of the above province, almost opposite tothe Isle of Zante. Lon. 2K 42. E. Lat. 37. 24. N.

AUC/E Gustos, a title anciently given to the archdeacon, onaccount of his having the custody of the church’s chest, or treasure.

ARCANGBS, in the Turkish armies, an inferior kind of in-fantry, which serve as enfans perdus, and to harrass and pillagethe enemy’s frontiers.

ARCA’NNA, a kind of red chalk, called by physiologistsrubrica sabrilis, as being used by carpenters, to colour their lines,for marking timber, &c.

ARCANUM, [pin. arcana,] a Latin word signifying a secret.Arcanum, among physicians, any remedy, the preparation ofwhich is industriously' concealed, in order to enhance its value.ARCAS, in astronomy, a name of Arcturus.

Arc as