ARM
248
ARM
with its several charges, and other furniture; as mantling, crest,supporters, motto, &c. Thus we say, a gentleman of coat ar-mour ; meaning one who bear arms.
Armourer of a Ship, a person whose office is to take carethat the arms be in a condition fit for service.
Armourers, in Roman antiquity, werp disposed in certainplaces in the empire, it being forbid either to sell, or buy, or makearms elsewhere.
ARMS, [ arma , Lat.] in general, all kinds of weapons, whetherused for offence or defence.
Arms, Fire, are those charged with powder and ball: sach arecannons, mortars, and other ordnance ; muskets, carabines, pis-tols, and even bombs, granadoes, carcasses, &c.
Arms of Parade, or Courtesy, were those used in the an-cient justs and tournaments; which were commonly unshodlances, swords without edge or point, wooden swords, and eventanes.
Arms, Stand of, signifies a musket, a bayonet, a sword, belt,and cartridge-box.
Arms, in heraldry, or Armories, are used for marks of dig-nity and honour, regularly composed of certain figures and co-lours, given or authorized bv sovereigns, and borne in banners,shields, coats, &c. for the distinction of persons, families, andstates ; and passing by descent to posterity. 'They are calledarms, because they are borne principally on the buckler, cui-rass, banners, and other apparatus of war. They are also calledcoats of arms, coat armour, Ac. because anciently embroideredon fur coats, &c. See Heraldry. They are distinguished byvarious epithets, such as,
1 . Arms, Assumptive, are such as a man lias a right to assumeof himself, in virtue of some gallant action. As, if a man who isno gentleman of blood, nor has coat armour, takes a gentleman,lord, or prince, prisoner, in any lawful war; he becomes entitledto bear the shield of such prisoner, and enjoy it to him and hisheirs. The foundation hereof is that principle in military law,that the dominion of things taken in lawful war passes to the con-queror.
2. Arms, Canting, are those wherein the figures bear an al-lusion to the name of the family.
3. Arms, Charged, are such as retain their ancient integrityand value, with the addition of some new honourable charge orbearing, in consideration of some noble action.
4. Arms, False, or Irregular, are those wherein there issomething contrary to the established rules of heraldry.
5. Arms, Full, or Entire, are such as retain tlieir primitive-purity, integrity, or value; without any alterations, abatements,or the like. It is a rule, that the simpler and less diversified thearms, the more noble and ancient they are. For this reasonGarcias Ximenes, first king of Navarre, and his successors forseveral ages, bore only gules, without any figure at all.
6. Arms of Alliance , are those which families or privatepersons join to their own, to denote the alliances which they havecontracted by marriage.
7. Arms of Community, are those of bishoprics, cities, uni-versities, and other bodies corporate.
8. Arms of Dominion, are those which emperors, kings, andsovereign states bear ; being annexed to the territories which theypossess. Thus the three lions are the arms of England; the fleursde lys were those of France , See.
f). Arms of Family, or Paternal Arms, are such as belongto a particular family, and which no other person has a riaht toassume.
Arms, Parted, Couff.d, Quartered, Ac. See Parti, Ac.
Arms, Poursuivant, King at, Ac. Ac. See Poursui-vant, King, Ac.
Arms, in law, are extended to any thing which a man takes inhis hand in his wrath, to ca t at, or strike another. By the com-mon law, it is an offence for persons to go or ride armed withdangerous weapons; but gentlemen may wear common armour,according to their quality, Ac.
Arms, in natural history, denote the natural weapons, or partsof defence, tf beasts: as' daws, teeth, tusks of elephants, beak:,o/brds, Ac.
ARMY, a large number of soldiers, consisting of hoi*e and foot,corn; lete y a med, and provided with artillery, ammun tion, pro-visioi s, Ac. ui der the command of one general, liav.i g lieute-
«
nant-generals, major-generals, brigadiers - , ami other officers underhim. An army is composed of squadrons'and battalions; and isusually divided into three corps, and formed into three lines; thefirst line is called the van-guard, the second the main-body, andthe third the rear-guard, or body of reserve. The middle ot eachline is possessed by the foot; the cavalry form the right and leftwing of each line ; and sometimes they place squadrons of horse inthe intervals between the battalions. When the army is drawnup in order of battle, the horse are placed five feet distant fromeach other, and the foot three. In each line the battalions aredistant from each other 180 feet, which is nearly equal to the ex-tent of their front; ami the same holds of the squadrons, whichare about 300 feet distant, the extent of their own front. Theseintervals are left for the squadrons and battalions of the secondline to range themselves against the intervals of the first, that bothmay more readily march through these spaces to the enemy: thefirst line is usually 300 feet distant from the second, and the se-cond from the third, that there may be sufficient room to rallywhen the squadrons and battalions are broken. See War.
Army, Naval, or Sea Army, is a number of ships of war,equipped and maimed with sailors and mariners, under the com-mand of an admiral, with other inferior officers under him. SeeNaval Tactics.
Army of Observation, is employed by besiegers, to preventrelief being brought into a place, or the siege being raised by tin-enemy.
Army, Royal, is an army marching with heavy cannon ; ca-pable of besieging a strong, well-fortified city.
Army, Standing, an army kept constantly in pay, and readyfor action, in peace as well as in war. It lias been observed, thatin Europe a prince with a million of subjects cannot keep anarmy of above 10,000 men, without ruining himself. It wasotherwise in the ancient republics: the proportion of soldiers tothe rest of the people, which is now about as one to 100, mightthen be as one to eight. The reason seems owing to that equalpartition of lands winch the ancient founders of commonwealthsmade among their subjects ; so that every man had a consider-able property to defend, and means to defend it with: whereas,among us, the lands and riches of a nation being shared among afew, the rest have no way of subsisting but by trades, arts, andthe like ; and have neither any iree properly to defend, normeans to enable them to go to war in defence of if, wthoutstarving their families. A large part of our people are either ar-tisans or servants, and thus only minister to the luxury and effe-minacy of the great.
ARNAY-LE-DUC, a town of France , in the department ofCoted’Or, 2,5 miles N. W. of Baime.
ARNEBEKG, a town of Brandenburg, seated cn the Elbe ,between Angermund and Werben, three miles di-tant from each.
ARNHEIM , or ARNE HEIM, a town of the late TintedProvinces, in Guelderland, 8 miles N. ol Nimeguen . Lon. 5. 55.E. Lat. 52. 0. N.
ARNHTSEN, a town of Pomerania near Riga .
ARNICA , Leopards Bane, a genus of the polygamia si -perikia order, and syagenesia class of plants; and in the na-tural order, Compositic-dhcoides, Receptacle naked; pappussimple; filaments five, without antherx. '1 here are twelve spe-cies, chielly natives of Ethiopia .
ARNES, an island of Sleswuk.
ARNO, a large and rapid river of Italy, in Tuscany , fallinginto the Tuscan sea eight miles below Pisa .
Arno, a pleasant valley of Italy , through which tli 1 Arnoruns, and which abounds in all kinds ot fruits.
ARNOLD, a native of Brescia, in Italy , distinguished himselfby being the founder of a sect winch opposed the wealth andpower of the Romish clergy. lie went into France , where he stu-died under the celebrated Peter Abelard . I pon his return toItaly , lie set up for a reiormer, and asserted that it was a deadlysin tor the clergy to enjoy a temporal estate, llis doctrines pro-cured him mimv followers. In 113;) they wen-condemned, by-pope Innocent fl.; on which Arnold went to Switzerland . Onthe death ot the pope he return dto Rome , and excited coin mo-tions against the papal authority, whhh obliged Adrian IV. tolay the city under an interdict, till the Arnohli-ts were banished.Arno’d and his followers then reined to '1 uscanv, where lie wastreated as a prophet: l.ut was executed in 1155. Some of lusA follower