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with no quarter from any side:” and when, on the resignation ofMr. Dunningin 1770, he was ottered the place of solicitor-gene-ral, he refused it; but soon after, on the promotion of Sir JosephYates to a seat in the court of common pleas, accepted a seat onthe bench, and on the death of Sir Joseph succeeded him. As ajudge, he was not inactive; but, when not occupied in the dutiesof his station, was generally engaged in some scheme of publicutility. The act for detached houses for hard labour for convicts,as a substitute for transportation, owed its origin in a great mea-sure to him. And the last augmentation of the judges salaries,calculated to make up the deficiencies occasioned by the heavytaxes they are subject to, and thereby render them more inde-pendent, was obtained in a great measure by his attention. Thisrespectable and valuable man died on 14th Feb. 1780, in the57th year of his age.

Black Tin, in mineralogy, a denomination given to the tinore when dressed, stamped, and washed ready for the blowing-house, or to be melted into metal.

Black Ward, in mineralogy, a kind of ore of manganese.See Manganese.

BLACK.WALI,, Anthony, A. M. a learned author, aftercompleting his academical education at Cambridge, was appointedhead-master of the free school at Derby, and lecturer of All-hal-lows there, where he first distinguished himself in the literaryworld by an edition of Theognis, printed at London in 1706,and was afterwards head-master of the free school at Market-Bos-worth in Leicestershire . The grammar whereby he initiated theyouth under his care into Latin , was of his own composing, andso happily litted for the purpose, that he was prevailed on tomake it public, though his modesty would not permit him tolix his name to it, because he would not be thought to prescribeto other instructors of youth. It is infilled, “ A New Latin Gram-mar ; being a short, clear, and easy Introduction of youngScholars to the Know ledge of the Latin Tongue ; containing anexact Account of the tw r o first Parts of Grammar.” In his “ In-troduction to the Classics,” first published in 1718, 12mo, he' displayed the beauties of those admirable writers of antiquity, tothe understanding and imitation even of common capacities; andthat in so concise and clear a manner, as seemed peculiar tohimself. But his most celebrated work was, “ 1 he SacredClassics defended and illustrated ; or, An Essay humbly offeredtowards preserving the Purity, Propriety, and True Eloquenceof the Writers of the New Testament,” in 2 vols. A gentlemanwho had been his scholar, being patron of the church of Claphamin Surrey, presented him to that living as a mark of his gratitudeand esteem. This happening late in life, and Blackwall havingoccasion to wait Upon the bishop of the diocese, he was somewhatpertly questioned by a voting chaplain as to the extent of hislearning, “ Boy (replied the indignant veteran,) I have forgotmore than ever you knew !” He died at Market-Bosworth, April8, 1730. The best edition of his Sacred Classics is the Latin translation by Wollius, 4to. Lips. 1736, as it is furnished withmany critical remarks by the learned editor.

BLACKWATER, a town of Ireland, in Armagh , so namedfrom the river on which it is seated, 66 miles from jjublin.

Blackwater, the name of five rivers in Ireland , viz. 1. inthe county of Armagh , which falls into Lough-Neagh : 2. inKerry, which falls into Youghall bay: 3. in Longford , which joinsthe Shannon, N. of Lanesborough : 4. in Meath which falls intothe Boyne, at Nivan : and, 5. in Wexford, which discharges itswaters into the sea at Bannow-bay. Also the name of three riversin Scotland, viz. 1. in Banff -shire : 2. in Berwickshire, calledalso Blackadder, or Blackater, which falls into the Whitewater,and 3. in Perthshire, which joins the Ardle.

BLACKWELLIA, in botany, a genus of the dodecandriapentagynia class and order. Calyx five-deft, half superior; corol-lafifteen-petaled ; capsules one-celled, many-seeded. There arethree species in the Asiatic islands.

BLADDER, in anatomy, a thin expanded membranous body,found in several parts of an animal, serving as a receptacle of somejuice, or of some liquid excrement ; from whence it takes variousdenominations, as urine-biadder, gall-bladder, Sec.

Bladder, Urinary, is a large vessel which serves as a re-ceptacle of the urine of animals, after its secretion from the bloodin the kidneys. See Anatomy.

Bladders, Vegetable, are found every where in the struc-

ture of the bark, the fruit, pith, and percnchyma, or pulp ; besidesthose morbid ones raised on the surface of leaves by the punctureof insects.

Bladdf.r-Nut. See Staphyla:a.

Bladder-Nut, African. See Royena.

Bladder-Senna. See Colutea.

BLADE, in botany, that part of a plant, which rises out of theconcave of the sheath, and, at the top, usually divides into tw'oparts.

Blade, in commerce, a thin slender piece of metal cither forgedby the hammer or run and cast in moulds to he afterw ards sharpen-ed to a point, edge, or the like. Sword-blades are made by thearmourers, knife-blades by the cutlers, &c. The English andDamascus blades are most esteemed.

BLADEN, a county of N. Carolina , in the district of W4I-mington.

BLADIA, in botany, a genus of the pentandria monogyniaclass and order. Calyx wheel-shaped, deciduous; berry contain-ing one arilled seed. Three species, natives of Japan .

I5LADUM, BLATUM. BEAVA, or BLAVIUM, in writersof the middle age, signifies all sorts of standing com in the bladeand car. In our old charters, the word included the whole pro-duct of the ground, fruit, corn, tlax, grass, &c. and whateverwas opposed to living creatures.

BLA.R1A, a genus of the tetrandria monogynia class of plants.Its characters are: Calyx quadripartite; corolla quadriiid:stamina inserted in the receptacle ; fruit a capsule, with four cells;seeds many. There are two species.

BL.ESUS, among medicinal writers, the same with balbus; astammerer or lisper. Dr. Holder calls the letters F and Th,ble»e, on account of the difficulty multitudes find of pronouncingthem.

BLA.EU, William, a celebrated painter of Amsterdam , adisciple of Tycho Brahe. II is Allas, his Treatise of the Globes,Astronomical Institutions, &c. and his fine impressions, havesecured his fame. He died in 1638.

BLAFART, in commerce, a small coin, current at Cologn,worth something more than a farthing of our money.

BLAGRAVE, John, the 2d son of John Blagrave, of Bnl-marsh-court in IJerkshire, descended of an ancient family in thatcounty. Being sent to Oxford, he applied himself chielly to thestudy of mathematics, and without taking any degree, retired tohis patrimonial seat of Southcole Lodge near Reading, where liespent the remainder of his life, lie died in 1611 ; and wasburied in the church of St. Lawrence, where a sumptuous monu-ment was erected to his memory. His works are, 1. A Mathe-thematical Jewel. Lond. 1585, fol. 2. Of the making and useof the familiar Staff. Lond. 1590, 4to. 3. Astrolabium urani-cutn generale. Lond. 1596, 4to. 4. The Art of Dialing. Lond.1609, 4to.

BJLAIN, among farriers, a distemper incident to horses, beinga certain bladder growing on the root of the tongue, against thewindpipe, which swells to such a degree as to stop the breath.

BLAIR, John, an eminent chionologist, was educated atEdinburgh ; ami coming to London , was lor some time usher toa school in Hedge Lane. In 1754, he obliged the world withthat valuable publication, “ The Chronology of the History ofthe World, from the Creation to the year 1753. Illustrated inLVI. Tables ; of which four are introductory and contain the cen-turies prior to the first Oympiad ; and each of the remainingLI I.contains in one expanded View' 50 Years, or half a Century.”This volume, which is dedicated to the lord chancellor Ilard-wicke, was published by subscription, on account of the great ex-pence of the plates, for w hich the author apologized in liis pre-face, where he acknowledged great obligations to the earl of Bath,and announced some chronological dissertations, wherein he pro-posed to illustrate the disputed points, to explain the prevailingsystems of chronology, and to establish the authorities upon whichsome of the particular Eras depend. In January 1755, he waselected F. R. S. and in 1761, F. S. A. In 1756, he published a2d edition of his Chronological Tables. In September 1757, hewas appointed chaplain to the Princess Dowager of Wales , andMathematical Tutor to the Duke of York ; and in 1761, he ob-tained a prehendal stall at Westminster, the vicarage of Iliucklev,and the rectory of Burton Goggles in Lincolnshire . In Septem-ber 1763, he attended his royal pupil in a tour to the Continent;

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