BOL
475
B O L
irregular specks of white and yellow. It is much softer than theArmenian, and slightly effervesces with acids.
Bole, Lemnian, or Lemnian Earth, is of a pale red colour,and slightly effervesces with acids.
5 . Bole of Blois is yellow, remarkably lighter than most ofthe other yellow earths, and effervesces strongly with acids.
6. Bole, Silesian, is of a pale yellow colour, and acids have
no sensible effect upon it. I
BOLESLAFF, BOEESSLAPE, or BUNTZLAU, a town ofSilesia. Lon. lti. 10. E. Lat. 51. 12. N.
BOLEI US, in botany, Spunk : a genus of the order fungi,elass cryptogamia, characterized by having pores underneath.—There are sixty-six species, of which the following are the mostremarkable:
1. B. Bovine'S, or cow-spunk, is frequently found in woods andpastures. It is generally ot a brown colour, though sometimes itis tawny, yellowish brown, reddish brown, deep red, purple, orgreenish brown. The young plants are eaten in Italy , and esteem-ed a great delicacy. The Germans also account them a dainty,calling them gombas, and brat-bulz.
2. B. Igniarius, or touchwood spunk, is frequent on thetrunks of old trees of all kinds, especially ash. It consists of avery hard woody substance, in shape like a horse’s hoof, and growsof various sizes, from a man’s fist to that of his head and larger.The tipper side is smooth, but uneven, distinguished near the rimby elevated zones of diflerent colours, brown, grey, tawny, &c.The flesh is of a tawny brown colour, extremely hard and tough.This fungus is made use of in Germany and some parts of Eng-land for tinder.
3. B. Pini Laricis, or agaric of the shops, grows on old larch-trees. This fungus is an irregular spongy substance, extremelylight, and of an uniform snowy whiteness, except the cortical part,which is usually taken off before the agaric is brought into theshops. It cuts freely with a knife, without discovering any hard-ness or grittiness, and readily crumbles betwixt the lingers into apowder.
4. B. Suberosus, or white cork spunk, grows commonly onthe trunks of birch and willow trees in England and Scotland . Itgrows sessile and horizontal ; its figure is semicircular; the upperside convex, the under nearly plain; of various sizes, from thatof an ass’s hoof to a peck measure. The upper surface is quitewhite, generally covered with a short strong down, but sometimessmooth. The internal substance is thick, white, tough, light, andspongy, like cork.
BOLEYN, Ann, queen of Henry VIII. of England; me-morable in the English history, as the first cause of the Reforma-tion, as the mother of queen Elizabeth under whom it was com-pletely established, and on account of her own sufferings. Shewas the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn , and born in 1507. Herearly years were spent at the French court, where she attendedthe wife of Lewis XII. on whose death she returned to England,and became maid of honour to queen Catharine, which occasion-ed her to be often in company with Henry . The monarch be-came enamoured of her charms, but not being able to succeed onother than honourable terms, he resolved to procure a divorcefrom his wife. This design he carried into execution, and mar-ried Anne privately ; but when she proved with child, he publiclyacknowledged her as queen, and she so continued till the tyrantconceived a passion for Jane Seymour . He then caused her tobe tried for high treason, in having been unchaste with her bro-ther, and four other persons. She suffered with great resolution,May 19, 1530. The Romanists have taken pains to vilify thecharacter of this unfortunate woman, out of malice against queenElizabeth, and the Reformation, of which she was a great promoter.She was doubtless gay and thoughtless, but the charge of incon-tinence was neve" substantiated.
BOLINGBROKE, or BULLINGBROKE, a town of Lin-colnshire , 29 miles E. of Lincoln. Lon. 0. 7. E. Lat. 53. 12. N.
BOLISLAW, a town in Bohemia , 30 miles N. E. ofPrague .
BOLKOVVITZ, a town of Silesia, in the duchy of Glogaw.Lon. 15. 20. E. Lat. 51. 27. N.
BOLLARDS, large posts set into the ground on each side of adock. On docking or undocking ships, large blocks are lashed tothem ; and through these blocks are reeved the transporting haw-sers to be brought to the capstans.
BOLLITO, a name by which the Italians call a sea-green co~
I lour in artificial crystal. To prepare this colour, put into the fur-nace a pot filled with 40lb. of good crystal, first carefully skim-med, boiled, and purified, without any manganese: then take 12ounces of the powder of small leaves of copper thrice calcined,and half an ounce of zafl're in powder: mix them together, anilput them at four times into the pot, that they may the better mixwith the glass; stirring them well each time of putting in the pow-der, lest the mixture should swell and run over.
BOLLOS, in the mines of Peru , a name given to the bars ofsilver procured there from the ore, by the operation of fire andaqua fort is.
BOLOGNA, an ancient, rich, and populous city of Italy , thecapital of the Bolognese, 22 miles S. £. of Modena . Lon. 11. 2t>,E. Lat. 44. 30. N.
Bologna , or the Bolognese, an Italian state, contains about308,000 inhabitants; bounded on the N. by Ferrara, on the W.by Modena, on the S. by the duchy of Tuscany , and on the E,by Romania . It is watered by a great number of small rivers,which render its soil the most fertile of any in Italy .
Bologna, or Boulogna, city of France , in the department of'the Straits of Dover , and late province of Picardy, 14 miles S. byW. of Calais .
BOLOGNIAN STONE, is a kind of mineral found near Bo-logna ; which, when duly prepared by calcination, makes a speciesof phosphorus,
BOLOGNOIS, BOLONNOIS, or BOULOGNOIS, a lateterritory of France , in the N. part of Picardy, now included inthe department of Somme .
BOLS AN E, a town of Germany , in the territory of the Tyrol,and circle of Austria .
BOLSTER, among surgeons, a soft yielding substance, eitherlaid under the head or a broken limb.
Bolsters, in sea-language, small cushions, or bags, filled withtarred canvas, or rope-yarn, &c. and placed under the shrouds andstays, to prevent their chafing against the trestle-trees.
Bolsters of a Saddle, those parts of a great saddle whichare raised upon the bows both before and behind, to bold therider’s thigh, and keep him in a right posture.
BOLT, among builders, an iron fastening fixed to doors and'windows. They are generally distinguished into three kinds, viz.plate, round, and spring bolts.
Bolts, in gunnery, are of several sorts, as, 1. Transum bolts, thatgo between the cheeks of a gun-carriage, to strengthen the transums.2. Prise bolts, the large knobs of iron on the cheeks of a carriage,which keep the handspike from sliding when it is poizing up thebreech of a piece. 3. Traverse bolts, the two short bolts that beingput one in each end of a mortar-carriage, serve to traverse her. 4.Bracket bolts, the bolts that go through the cheeks of a mortar, andby the help of quoins keep her fixed at the given elevation. And, 5.Bed bolts, the four bolts that fasten the brackets of a mortar to the bed.
Bolts, in a ship, are iron pins, of which there arc several sorts,according to their different make and uses. Such are, drive-bolts,used to drive out others. Ray-bolts, with jags or barbs on eachside, to keep them from flying out of their holes. Clench-bolts,which are clenched, with riveting hammers. Forelock-bolts,which have at the end a forelock of iron driven in to keep thenrfrom starting back. Set-bolts, used for forcing the planks, andbringing them close together. Fend or fender bolts, made withlong and thick heads, and struck into the uttermost bends of theship, to save her sides from bruises. And ring-bolts, nsed forthe bringing to of the planks, and those parts whereto are fastenedthe breeches and tackles of the guns.
Bolt-Drawer, an instrument for drawing bolts out of the oldplanks of ships. Its form, and the manner of using it, may beeasily conceived from inspecting fig. 4. Plate XXXVl.
BOLTEL, in building, any prominence or jutting out, as of apiece of timber, end of a beam, or the like, advancing beyondthe naked part of the wall.
BOLTHEAD, a long strait necked glass-vessel, for chemicaldistillations, called also a mattrass, or receiver.
BOLTING, a term of art used in our inns of court, for a pri-vate arguing of cases. The manner at Gray’s-inn is this : an an-cient and two barristers sit as judges ; three students bring each acase, out of which the judges choose one to be argued ; whichdone, the students first argue it, and after them the barristers. It
is