CAN

CAN

591

ferent gradations of this military body do not depend on the pacha.The council of each company, consisting of veterans, and of of-ficers in actual service, has the power of naming them. A per-son can occupy the same post for no longer than two years ; hutthe post of Sorbagi, or captain, which is purchased at Constanti-nople , is held for life. The ousta, or cook, is also continued inhis employment as long as the company to which he belongs issatisfied with him. Each company has an almoner, denominatedimam. The garrisons of Canea and Belimo, formed on a similarplan, are much less numerous. The first consists of about 3000men, the other of 300 ; but as all the male children of the Turksare enrolled among the janissaries as soon as born, the numberof these troops might be greatly augmented in time of war.They are however, far from formidable. Most of them havenever seen lire, nor are they ever exercised in military evo-lutions. The total number of inhabitants in this island does notexceed 350,200. There are scarcely 150,000 Greeks in theisland, of whom 65,000 pay the carach. The Turks have notpossessed the island for more than 120 years ; yet, as they are notexposed to the same oppression, they have multiplied in it, andraised themselves upon the ruin of the ancient inhabitants. Theirnumber amounts to 200,000. The Jews amount only to 200.This fertile country is in want of nothing but industrious hus-bandmen, secure of enjoying the fruit of their labours. It mightmaintain four times its present number of inhabitants. Antiquityhas celebrated the island of Crete as containing 100 populouscities ; and geographers have preserved their names and situations.Many of these cities contained no fewer than 30,000 inhabitants.By reckoning them, on an average, at 6,000 each, we shall in allprobability be rather within than beyond the truth.

This calculation give for 100 cities.600,000

Allowing as many in the rest of the island.600,000

The whole number of the inhabitants of ancient Crete will amount to.1,200,000

This number cannot be exaggerated. When Candia was in thebands of the Venetians , it was reckoned to contain 996 villages.B appears, therefore, that when this island enjoyed the blessings°f liberty, it maintained to the number of 849,800 more inhabi-tants than it does at present. But since those happy times, shehas been deprived of her laws by the tyranny of the Romans ; hasgroaned under the destructive sway ot the monarchs of the lowerempire ; has been exposed for a period of 120 years to (lie ravages°f the Arabians ; has next passed under the dominion of the Ve-netians ; and has at last been subjected to the despotism of theI urks, who have produced a dreadful depopulation in all thec °untries which have been subdued by their arms. This island is'Watered by many fine rivers, anciently known by the names ofVeratus, Loaxus, Therenus, Triton, &c. which, in spite oflurkish indolence, render it very productive. West of the city,'"ere is an extensive range of hills, which are a continuation ofMount Ida, and of which the extremity forms the promontory of. bon. For more than half a league round the walls of Candiamere is not a single tree to be seen. The Turks cut them alli"'n in tlie lime of the siege, and laid waste the gardens and or-c hards. Beyond that extent, the country is plentifully covered'iith corn and fruit trees. The neighbouring hills are overspread'"-h vineyards, which produce the malmsey of Mount Ida, wor-y of preference at the table of the most exquisite connoisseurs in'ines. This species of wine has a fine flavour, a very pleasant re-’m, and is highly esteemed in the island. Candia produces also°'I, silk, wool, and excellent honey. The Turks allow the Greeks? e Bee exercise of their religion, but forbid them to repair theirhurclies or monasteries; ana accordingly they cannot obtain per-mission to repair their places of worship, or religious houses, buty the powerful influence of gold. From this article the pachasfriv e v «. r y considerable sums. They have twelve bishops as for-j} erl y, the first of whom has the title of Archbishop of Gortynia.le resides at Candia; in which city the metropolitan church' mids. l£ e i s appointed by the patriarch of Constantinople ; and3s tlie right of nominating to all the other bishoprics of the island ;(j? names of winch are, Gortynia, Cnorsou, Mirabella, Hyera,£ lr a-petra, Arcadia, Cherronese, Eambis, Milopotamo, Retimo ,ti, ailea .’ bisamo. These bishoprics are nearly tlie same as undere rei ,gn of the Greek emperors. The patriarch wears a triple

tiara, writes his signature in red ink, and answers for all tlie debtsof the clergy. To enable him to fulfil his engagements, he laysimpositions on the rest of the bishops, and particularly on tlie mo-nasteries, from which lie draws very handsome contributions. Heis considered as the head of tlie Greeks, whom lie protects, as flu -as ids slender credit goes. The orders of government are directedto him on important occasions ; and lie is the only one of all theGreeks in tlie island who enjoys the privilege of entering the cityon horseback.

Candia, tlie capital of the island is situated on its northern,coast, on the site of the ancient Heraclea. Candia lies 500 milesfrom Constantinople . Lon. 25.23. E. Lat. 35. 16. N.

CANDID ATI Mjutes, an order of soldiers, among the Ro-mans, who served as the emperor’s body guards to defend him inbattle.

CANDISII, a considerable province of Asia , in the dominionsof the Great Mogul.

CAND1TEERS, in fortification, frames to lay brushwood on,to cover tlie workmen.

CANDLE , [ candela, Lat.] a quantity of tallow, wax, or sper-maceti, formed about a wick, and intended for a light; the wickis usually composed of several threads of cotton. There are twospecies of tallow' candles, the one dipped, and tlie other moulded ;.tlie first are those in common use; the invention of the second isattributed to Le Brege, of Paris . Good tallow candies ought totie made with equal parts of sheep and ox-tallow ; care beingtaken to avoid any' mixture of hog’s lard, which occasions a thickblack smoke, attended with a disagreeable smell, and also causesthe candles to run. "When the tallow has been weighed andmixed in due proportions, it is cut very small, that it may liemore speedily dissolved ; for otherwise it would be liable to burn,Hr become black, if left too long over the fire. As soon as it iscompletely melted and skimmed, a certain quantity of water, pro-portionate. to that of the tallow, is poured in, for precipitating tlieimpure particles to the bottom of the vessel. This, however*should not be done till after the three first dips ; as the water, bypenetrating tlie wicks,, woidd make the candles crackle in burning,and thereby render them useless. To purify tlie tallow still more,it is strained through a coarse horse-hair sieve into a tub ; where,afler having remained three hours, it becomes fit for use. Theliquid tallow is then drawn off into a vessel called the mould, sink,or abyss, of an angular prismatic form. On the angle formed bythe two great sides, it is supported by two feet, and is placed on akind of bench, in form of a trough, to catch the droppings, asthe candles are taken out at each dip. The workman, takes twosticks, or broches at a time,, strung with a proper number of wicks,viz. sixteen, if the candles are to be of eight in the pound; twelve,if of six in tlie pound, &c. And holding them equidistant bymeans of the second and third linger of each hand, which lie putsbetween them, he immerges tlie wicks two or three times for theirfirst lay, and, holding them sometime' over the opening of thevessel to let them drain, Hangs them on a rack, where they con-tinue to drain, and grow hard. Al lien cooled they are clippeda second time, then a third as before ; only for the third lay theyare immerged hut twice in all Ihe rest thrice. The operation isrepeated more or less times, according to the intended thicknessof the candles. With the last dip they neck them; i. e. plungethem a little lower than before.

Candles, Mould , are easily made; the apparatus consists oftin tubes inserted in a board or table; the wick is placed, and fas-tened in tlie centre of the mould, by a wire or other matter, andvery easily effected, about an inch being left out at the top. Thetallow melted as before is poured into the mould, and afterwardsplaced in the air to harden; the foot is then removed, and eachcandle leaves the tube perfected. The wicks are made of spun cot-ton which the tallow-chandlers buy in skains, and which they windup into bottoms or clues; whence they are cut out, with an instru-ment contrived on purpose, into pieces of the length required ; thenput on the sticks or broaches, or else placed in the moulds, asthe candles are intended to be either dipped or moulded.

Candles, Wax, are of various kinds and forms; they aremade of cotton or flaxen wicks, slightly twisted, and covered withwhite or coloured wax. This operation is performed either bythe hand or with a ladle. In order to soften the wax, it is firstworked repeatedly in a deep narrow cauldron of hot water ; thentaken out in small pieces, and gradually disposed round the wick,

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