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CA RAC'A f .LA , in antiquity, a long garment, having a sort ohCapuchin, or hood at lop, ami reaching to the heels ; worn amongthe Romans by both men and women, in the city and thecamp.

CAR ACC AS, a dihrict of Terra Eirma in South America ,brlonging'to the Spaniards. Also the capital oh the above district.

J.ou. dr." 10 . M . Lat. 10 . . 10 . N .

CAHACC1, Lewis, AvursTiv, and H ivnibac, three ei-le-brated painters of Bologna . Lewis was born in 1555; and wascousin -german to Augustin and IJamlibal who were brothers, the.sons of a tailor, who gave them a liberal education. '1 hey were-both disciples of their cousin Lewis. Augustin gained a know-ledge of mathematics, natural philosophv, music, poetry, andmost of the liberal arts: but, though pajnting was bis principalpursuit, lie learned the art of engraving from Cornelius (.fort, andsurpassed all the masters of his time, ilannihai never deviatedfrom his pencil. These three painters, at length formed a plan ofassociation, ami founded that celebrated school, called Caracci ’sacademy. Hither the young students resorted to be instructedin the rudiments of painting; and here the Caracci taught freelyall that came. Lewis’s charge was to make a collection of an-tique statues and bas-reliefs. They had designs of the best mas-ters ; a collection of curious books cm all subjects relating to theirart; amt a skilful anatomist to teach what belonged to the knit-ting and motions of the muscles, Are. '['here were often dis-putations in the academy ; and the literati as well as painters,proposed questions, which were always decided by Lewis. Everybody was well received; and though stated hours were allottedto treat of different matters, yet improvements might be madeat all hours by the antiquities and the designs which were to be■seen. The fame of the Caracci reaching Rome , the cardinalFarnese sent for Hannibal, to paint the gallery of his palace.Hannibal willingly went, having a great desire to see Raphael ’sworks, with the antique statues, &c. The gusto which he lookthere from the ancient sculpture, made him change his Bologninnmanner for one more learned, hut less natural in the design andcolouring. Augustin followed Hannibal, to assist him in the Far-•rsese gallery ; but the brothers not agreeing, Farnese sent Augus-tin to the court of Parma, where he died in lfiO?, aged 45. 11 ismost celebrated piece is the communion of St. Jerom, inBologna . In the mean while, Hannibal continued working in theF arnese gallery at Rome ; and, after inconceivable pains and care,Imished the paintings in the perfection in which they am still tobe seen. He hoped that the cardinal would have rewarded himin some proportion to the excellence of his work, and the timeit took him up, which was eight years ; hut the cardinal, in-fluenced by ignorance and avarice, gave him hut a little above200/. though he doubtl ess deserved more than twice as manythousands. W hen the money was brought hint, he was so sur-prised at the injustice done him, that he could not speak a wordto the person who brohght it. This confirmed him in a melan-choly, to which his temper naturally inclined, and made him re-solve never more to touch his pencil ; which resolution he hadundoubtedly kept, if his necessities had not compelled him tobreak it. fie died in ItiOt ), in his 49th year. While Hannibalworked at Rome, Lewis was courted from all parts of Lombardy ,especially hv the clergy, to make pictures in their churches ;apd we may judge of his capacity anil facility, by the great num-ber ol pictures he made. In the midst of these employmentsIlannihai solicited him to come and assist him in tiie Farnesegallery, so earnestly, that he could not avoid complying. Hewent to Rome ; corrected several things in that gallerv ; painteda figure or two himself; and then returned to Bologna , where hedied in Idly, aged G4.

CARACOLF,, in architecture, a stair-ease in a 'spiral form.

CABAC F, CARAT, orCARRAT, the name of that weightwhich expresses the degree of fineness that gold is of. The mint- !master, or custom, has fixed the purity of gold at-24 carnets ; Jthough it is not possible so to purify aiui reline that metal, but it iwill want still about one-fourth part of a caract in absolute purity iand perfection. The caract is divided into ■£, t 1 *, and ji- i1’bese degrees serve to distinguish the greater or less quantity jof alloy therein contained : for instance, gold of 22 caratts, is !that which has two parts of silver, or of anv other metal, and 22 :of line gold.. Caract is also a certain weight which goldsmiths |mid jewellers use wherewith to weigh piecious -tones and pearls. ]

This caract weighs four grains, hut something lighter than thegrains of other w eights. Each of these grains is subdivided intob -41 b. t-> Ac. If is by some derived from the Greek xisariw,the xiHqua, or carob bean; each of which may weigh about fourgrains of wheat, whence the Latin siliquu lias been used for aweight of tour grains.

! (ABACI U2 US a renowned king of Ihe ancient British peo-ple called Siiures, inhabiting' South Wales . Having valiantlydefended his country seven years against the Romans, lie was atla 3 t defeated ; and” lh ing to Cartismandua, queen of the I’ri-gantes, washy her treacherously delivered up to the Romans, andled in triumph to the emperor Claudius , then at York; where hisnoble behaviour, and heroic hut pathetic speech, obtained him notonly his liberty, bi;t the esteem of the emperor, A. D. 52. . Burcha’nan, Monipenny, and other ancient Scots historians, makethis heroic prince one of the Scots monardts; nephew and suc-cessor to king Metallanus: and say that he was elected general’of the united armv of Scots , Piets, and Britons.

CARAGKOUCI1, in commerce, a silver coin of the empire,weighing nine drachms. It goes at Constantinople for 120aspcrs.There arc four sorts of them, all of the same value.

CAB AM AN 1A, a considerable province ot Asiatic Turkey,in the S. of Natolia. Satalia is the capital.

CARAMANTA, a province of S. America , in Terra Firm*,extended on both sides the river Canca.

Caka.maxta, the capital of the province. Lon. 72. 12 . W.Lat. 5. IS. N.

CAR ANGA, an island near Bombay, which affords rice, fowls,and goats, for that market.

CARAPACE, the thick solid shell, which covers the turtle;and to which adhere those tine transparent shells, called tortoiseshells, of which snuff-boxes, &c. are made.

CARARA, a weight used at Leghorn, and other parts of Italy .

CARAVAN, [ enramnnt , Fr. lroni the Arabic, ] in tile east,signifies a company or assembly of travellers and pilgrims, andmore particularly of merchants, who for their greater security,and in order to assist each other, march in a body through jtliedesalts, and other dangerous places, winch are infested with Arabs ,or robbers.

GARAVANSERA, or KARAVANSERA, a public inn,appointed for receiving and loading the caravans. It is commonlya large square building in the middle of which there is a veryspacious court; and under the arches or piazzas that surround it,there runs a hank, raised some feet above the ground, where themerchants, and those who travel with them in any capacity, takeup their lodgings, as well as they can : the beasts of burden Vicingtied to the loot of the hank. Over the gates, that lead into thecourt, there arc sometimes little rooms," which the keepers of thecaravanseras let out, at a very high price, to such as have a.mindto he private.

CARAWAY, in botany. Sec Caru.m.

CARBASA GARY'STiA, a term used by ancient writers forcloth made of the asbestos.

CAKBEQl 1, a copper coin chrreut in the province of Georgiain Asia ; particularly at Telilis.

CARBON , a name which in the new chemical nomenclatureis applied to charcoal when divested of the saline, and metallicsubstances and other matter usually mixed with it. The termscarbon and charcoal have been used for one another, hut impro-perly. Under the denomination carbon, is to he understood thesimple substance, which is the base of carbonic acid. Carbon isinfusible and indissoluble by caloric, and is hence esteemed themost refractory sub-lance in nature. It lias no evident attractionfor nitrogen alone, but combines with it by the intervention otother principles. With hydrogen it has a strong affinity, unitingand forming a gas termed carbonated hydrogen ; hydrogen gashaving the power of holding it in solution. The diamond, accordingto the experiments of chemists, appears to be carhop in its piu' t:state. The diamond, which exceeds all other gtins in hardness,density, and refraction of the rays of light, crystallizes in tv 1 ’tetrahedral and trihedral pyramids, united base to base, or j 11hoxahedral prisms terminating in trihedral summits, or 111irregular polyhedral gram-. At a very high temperatureburns, becoipe- black and, opaque, and is converted into g‘ lS --qi.gr. about .i,5. Newton cwnjeetured the diamond to he acombustible hotly. Gut ton, in 17b5, inferred its similarity

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