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earth culled killow, said by Dr. Merrit, in his Pinax Rerum Bri-tanniearuiii, to be found in Lancashire; and by Mr. Da Costa, inhis history of fossils, to be plentiful near the top of Cay-Avon, a.high hill in Merionethshire.

Chalk, Red, an earth much used by painters and artificers,and common in the colour shops. It is properly an induratedclayey ochre : and is dug in Germany, Italy, Spain, and France,but in greatest quantity m Flanders. It is of a tine, even, andfirm texture ; very heavy and very hard ; of a pale red on the out-side, but of a deep dusky chocolate colour within. It adheresfirmly to the tongue, is perfectly insipid to the taste, and makesno elfervencence with acids.

Chalk-stones, in medicine, signify the concretions of calca-reous matter in the hands and feet of people violently afflictedwith the gout.

CHALLENGE, a cartel, or invitation to a duel, or other com-bat. A challenge to figiit a duel, by word or letter, or to be thebearer of such a challenge, is punishable by tine and imprison-ment, on indictment or information. See Duel.

Challenge, in law is ad exception made to jurors, which incivil cases, are of two sorts; via.

1. Challenge to the array, is in respect of the partiality' ordefault of the sheriff, coroner, or other officer that made the return;and it is then twofold : 1st. Principal challenge to the array, whichif it be made good,is a sufficient cause of exception, without leavingany thing to the judgment of the triers; as if the sheriff be ot kin-dred to either party ; or if any of the jurors be returned at thedenomination of cither of the parties. 2nd. Challenge to the array'for favour, which being no principal challenge must be lelt to thediscretion and conscience of the triers; as where one of the partysuspects that the juror is inclined to favour the other. 1 Inst. 158.

2. Challenge To the Poll, is also two-fold, 1st. Principalchallenge to the polls, is where cause is shewn, which if foundtrue, stands sufficient of itself, without leaving any tiling to the triers;as if the juror is under the age of twenty-one, it is a good cause ofof challenge. 2nd Challenge to the polls for favour, is when neitherparty can take any principal challenge; but shews causes of favour,as that the juror is a fellow-servant with either party. In cases ofhigh-treason, and misprision of high-treason, the prisoner shallhave his peremptory' challenge to the number of thirty-five. 1Inst 150. But with regard to petit-treason, murder, and otherfelonies, the 22 Hen. Vlll. c. 14. continues in force, which takesaway the peremptory challenge of more than twenty.

C’ilALONNOlS, the name of two late territories of France;viz. 1. in Burgundy: and 2. in Champagne.

CHALONS, or C1IALLONS sur Marnf., a handsome townof France in the department of Marne, 40 miles S. \V. of Verdun, jand <J5 E. of Paris. Lon. 4. 27 E. Lat. 48. 57. N.

Chai.ons, or C hali.ons sur Saone, an ancient town of F'rance,in flie department of Saone and Loire, 35 miles S. of Dijon. Lon.

4, 57. E. I .at. 41). 47. N.

CHALBEATE. See Mineral waters.

CI1AI.YBES, in ancient geography, an ancient people of theHither Asia. Their situation is differently assigned; Strabo pla-cing them in Paphlagonia, E. of Synope; Apollonius Rhodius andStephanus, on die E. of the Thermodoii, in Pontus; called Hali-zones by Homer. j

CHAM A, in zoology, a genus of the class and order vermes jtestacsc. Animal a tethys: shell bivalve, rather coarse, hingewith a callous gibbosity, obliquely inserted in an oblique hollow ;anterior slope closed. It has twenty five species, of which the mostremarkable is C'. gigas, a native of the Indian ocean ; sometimesit is found of not more than an inch in length, and yet it has beentaken so large as to weigh 532 pounds. Two species are de-lineated in Plate XXVIl.

CHAMADE, a signal to inform the enemy that some propo-sition is to be made to capitulate, to have leave to bury the dead,make a truce, or the like.

CII aM .EE EON, in botany, a genus of the class and order, syn-genesia segregata. Caivx six or eight flowered, imbricate, many-leaved : calycle one-flowered, many-leaved; florets tubular, allhermaphrodite ; receptacle naked ; seeds covered with a calyclegrowing to them. One species, a native of the South of Europe.

CHA MACRO PS, in botany, the Dwarf palm, or little palmetto,a genus of the natural order palmy. Hermaphodite; calyx tri-jpartite; corolla tripetalous; there are six stamina, three pistils, j5

and three monospermous plums: male a ditinet plant, the sameas the hermaphrodite. Three species are enumerated.

CHAMBER, in military affairs, is variously applied: thus

1. Chambfr, Bomb, or Powder Chamber, a place sunk un-der ground for holding the powder, or bombs, w here they may heout of danger, and secured from the rain.

2. Chamber of a Mine, the cavity where the powder islodged, -which is most commonly of a cubical form.

3. Chamber of a Mortar, is that part of the chase, much nar-rower than the rest of the cylinder, where the powder lies. It isof different forms; sometimes like a reversed cone; sometimesglobular, with a neck for its communication with the cy linder,whence it is called a bottled chamber; but most commonly cylin-drical, that being the form which is found by experience to carrythe ball to the greatest distance.

Chamber, in policv, 1. The place where certain assemblies areheld: 2. The assemblies themselves. Of these some are estab-lished for the administration of justice ; others for commercial

: juns-

affairs.

1. Chamber, Apostolical, of Rome, that wherein affairs re-relating to the revenues of the church and the pope are transacted.This council consists of the cardinal camerlingo, the governor ofthe rota, a treasurer, an auditor, a president, one advocate general,a solicitor general, a commissary, and twelve clerks.

2. Chamber, imperial, of Spire, the supreme court of judi-catory in the empire, erected by Maximilian I. This chamberhas a right of judging by appeal; and is the last resort of all civilaffairs of the states and subjects of the empire; except matrimoni-al causes, (these being left to the pope,) and criminal causes, whicheither belong to particular princes or towns, or are cognizable byall the states of the empire in a diet.

3. Chamber of Assurance, 1. A society of merchants andothers for carrying on the business of insuring. 2. A court of jus-tice in Holland, where causes relating to insurances are tried.

4. Chamber of audience, or Grand chamber, a late judiction in each parliament of F'rance.

5. Chamber of Commerce, an assembly of merchants andtraders, w here alfairs relating to trade are treated of. There areseveral established in most of the chief cities of France; and inour country chambers of tliis kind have been lately erected, par-ticularly in in London, Edinburgh, and Glasgow. Their exer-tions have been of no small public benefit.

6. Chamber of London, an apartment in Guildhall, where thecity money is deposited.

7. Ch amber, Privy. Gentlemen of the privy chandler are ser-vants of the king,who wait oil him and the queen at court, in theirdiversions, &e. Their number is 48 under the bird chamberlain Iof whom 12 are in quarterly waiting, and two of these lie in theprivy chamber. In the absence of the lord chamberlain, or vice-chamberlain, they execute the king’s orders. At coronations,two of them personate the dtikes of Aquitain and Normandy ; andsix of them appointed by the lord chamberlain, attend ambassa-dors from crowned heads to their audiences, and in public entries.The gentlemen of the privychamber were instituted by I lenry VlL

8. Chamber Star, so called because the roof was painted withstars, its power is abolished by the statute 17 Car. 1.

CHAMBERLAIN, an officer charged with the managementand direction of a chamber. There are almost as many kinds ofchamberlains as chambers, the principal whereof are as follow'.

Chamberlain Lord, of Great Britain., the sixth greatofficer of the crown; to whom belongs livery and lodging in theking’s court; and there are certain fees due to him from eacharchbishop or bishop, when they perform their homage to the king *and from all peers at their creation, or doing their homage. A £the coronation of every king, lie is to have forty ells of criinsoi*velvet for his own robes. 'J bis officer, on the coronation-day, |Sto bring the king his shirt, coif, and wearing doaths : and after th*king is dressed, he claims his bed, and ail (he furniture of b’ 5chamber for his let's: he alsp carries at the coronation, the co'bgloves, and linen to be used by the king on that occasion : a ' s jthe sword and scabbard, the gold to he offered by the king, a "‘the robes-roval anti crown : lie dresses and undresses the kins? Tthat day, wait, on him before and alter dinner, &c. To thisfleer belongs the care of providing all tilings in the hoii^of lords, in the time of parliament; to him abo belongs the 8 ^KiV'.ce of Westminster: he disposes likewise

vermnent of the pa