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lines, parallel to each other, and equidistant; the pareliels are also(straight lines, and parallel to each other: but the distance betweenthem increases from the equinoctial towards either pole, in the ra-tio of the secant of the latitude to the radius. See Navigation.

Chart, Plane, is a representation of some part of the super-ficies of the terraqueous globe, in which the meridians are supposedparallel to each other, the parallels of latitude at equal distances,and consequently the degrees of lat. and Ion. every where equalto each other. See Plane Chart, for the construction of chartsand maps, see the articles Projection and Geography.

CHARTA, originally signifies a sort of paper made

of the plant papyrus or biblus. See Paper-. The word is alsoused in our ancient customs for a chart or deed in writing.

Charta Emporetica, in pharmacy, &c. a kind of paper madevery soft and porous, used to filter withal. See Filtration, &c.

CHARTER, [ charta , Lat.] 1. A. written evidence of things donebetween man and man. Charters are divided into charters of theking, and charters of private persons. Charters of the king arethose, whereby' the king passeth any grant to any person or more,or to any body politic : as a charter of exemption, that no man shallbe empanneled on a jury; charter of pardon, whereby a man isforgiven a felony, or other offence. 2. Any writing bestowingprivileges or rights.

Charter land, such land as a person holds by charter; thatis, by evidence in writing, otherwise called Freehold.

Charter of the Forest, a charter containing the lawsof the forest; such as the charter of Canute, &c.

CHARTER-PARTY, [ chartre-partie , Fr.] a paper relatingto a contract, of which each party has a copy. See Freight,&c. The charter-party must be in writing; and be signed bothby the proprietor or the master of the ship, and the merchant whofreights it. It should contain the name and the burden of the ves-sel ; the names of the master and the freighter; the price or rateof freight; and the time of loading and unloading; and the otherconditions agreed on. It is properly a deed, whereby the masteror proprietor of the vessel engages to furnish immediately a tightsound vessel, well equipped, caulked, and stopped, provided withanchors, sails, chrdage, and all other furniture to make the voyagerequired, as equipage, hands, victuals, and other munitions; inconsideration of a certain sum to be paid by the merchant for the.freight. Lastly, the ship with all its furniture, and the cargo, arerespectively subjected to the conditions of the charter-party'. Thecharter-party differs from a bill of lading, in that the lirst is”for theentire freight, both going and returning ; whereas the latter is onlyfor a part of the freight, or at most only for the voyage one way.Boyer says, the word comes from hence, that “ per mediumcharta ineidebatur, et sic iiebat charta partita;” because when no-taries were less common, there was only' one instrument made forboth parties: this they cut in two, and gave each his portion ;joining them together at their return, to know if each had done hisPart. This he says he has seen practised in his time ; agreeably totbe method of the Romans, who, in their stipulations, used tobreak a staff, each party retaining a moiety thereof as a mark.

CflARTOP 11YLAX, an officer of the church of Constanti-nople, who, when the sacrament is administered, gives notice tothe priests to come to the table.

CHARTRES, an ancient and large town of France, in thedepartment of the Eure and Loire, 44 miles S. \V. of Paris.

CHARTREUSE, or the Grand Chartreuse, a late celebratednionasterv, situated on a steep rock, about 7 miles N. E. of Gre-noble.

Chartreuse of London, corruptly called the Charter-house,took its name from the Grand Chartreuse, but is now converted] nto an hospital, and endowed with a revenue of OOOOf. a year.

- Here are maintained 80 decayed gentlemen, not under 50 vears• °j a ge: also 40 boys are educated and fitted either for the univer-s 'ty or trades.

CIIARTULARIUS, or CIIARTULARY, an ancient offi-(er in the Latin church, who had the care of charters and papers■"elating to public affairs.

CHARYBDIS, in ancient geography, a whirlpool in the straitsot Messina, near Sicily, and opposite to Scvlla, a-dangerous rock° n the coast of Italy;"whence the Latin adage,

Inridit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdin.

CHASE, a great quantity of ground lying open and privileged

>r wild beasts and wild fowl, kuch is Endlield-chase. A chase

v Ql. 1.—no. 42.

differs from a forest, inasmuch as it may be in the hands of a sub-ject, which a forest in its proper nature cannot; and from a park,iit, that it is not inclosed, and hath more officers. A chase is notendowed like a forest with so many liberties, as the courts of at-tachment, swainmote, and justice-seat; and cannot lawfully' bemade, without license from the king under the broad seal.

Chase, in the sea-language, signifies the ship chased or pursued.See Chasing.

Chase, to give, is to pursue a ship at sea.

Chase, Stern, is when the chase is right a-hgad witii thechaser.

Chase, to lie with a Ship’s Fore-foot in the, is to sailthe nearest way to meet her, and so to cross her in her way, ot tocome across her fore-foot. A ship is said to have a good forwardor stern-chase, when she is built forward on, or a-slern, that shecan carry many guns, to shoot right forwards or backward.

Chase of a Gun, is the whole bore of a piece of cannon.

Chase-Guns, those guns the ports of which are either in thehead or in the stern. The former are ustful in chasing others ; thetatter, when a ship is chased or pursued by another ship.

CHASING, in the sea language, is the giving clvase. In ehas*ing, these rules are to be observed. If the chase be to the wind-ward, the chaser is<to bring all Ids tacks aboard, and to shape idscourse to meet her at the nearest angle. If the chase be to theleeward, then the chaser may come in with her, unless she bearrigid before the wind, and so outsail her ; or bring her dose by aw ind, and the chaser prove the more leeward ship. If the chasebe found rigid a-head, and so the chaser be put to a stern-chase,then the best sailer will carry it, if there be sea-room and day-light.Being come up close with the chase, endeavour to cross her fore-foot, by which means you will both hinder her way, avoid thefury of her ordnance, and scower her decks from stem to stem, asyou pass thwart her hawse. And if she makes away from you, plyyour guns with ease-shot, or cross-bar shot, at her sails, yards,masts, and general tackling.

Chasing of Gold, Silver, &c. See the article Enchas-ing.

CHASM, [ x u(?(ao;, or yre’V-'-’i,] properly signifies a large gap orhiatus ; and lienee has been used for osdtation or yawning.

CIIASNADAR, in the Turkish affairs, answers to our lord-high-treasurer.

CHASTE Tree, the English name of the vitex. See thearticle Vitex.

CHASTISEMENT, in the manege, the severe and rigorouseffect of the aids; for when the aids are given with severity,they' become punishments. See Aids.

CHASTF1Y, [custitas, Lat.] 1. Purity of the body. 2. Free-dom from obscenity. 3. Freedom from had mixture of any'kind ; purity of language, opposed to barbarisms.

Chastity is a virtue universally celebrated. There is indeedno charm in the female sex that can supply its place. Withoutit, beauty loses its lustre, and rank is contemptible : good breed-ing degenerates into wantonness, and wit into impudence. Outof the numerous instances of eminent chastity recorded by authors,we shall only call the reader’s attention to two, viz. Chio’mara andLucrelia ; the former of whom, though not so frequently cele-brated, certainly acted a wiser part than the latter, by takingvengeance of her ravisher instead of herself. See Chiomara andLucretia,

Chastity in men is termed continence. See Continence.

Chastity, Laws respecting. The Roman law justifieshomicide in defence of the chastity either of one’s self or rela-tions ; and so also stood the law in the Jewish republic. Our law'likewise justifies a woman for killing a man who attempts to ravishher. Even the husband or father may kill a man who attempts arape upon his wife or daughter ; but not if he takes them in adul-tery by consent: for the one is forcible and lelonious, but not theother.

CHATEAU du Loire, a town of France, in the departmentof Sarte, 22 miles S. E- of Mans.

CHATEL, or CII ATE, a town of France, in the departmentof Vosges, 8 miles from Mirecourt.

Chatel-Chalon, a town of France, in the department of Jura,20 miles S. of Dole.

CIl ATELE1, a town of 1 ranee, in the department of Sambreand Meuse, on the Sambre.

8 F • CIIATELLERAULT,