C IT O

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class of plants. Calyx octophvllous ; corolla mouopctalous, oc-tofid; capsule unilocular, bivalved, polyspermous. There aretour species.

CIILORANTIIUS, a genus of the class and order tetrandiamonogynia. Calyx none ; corolla three-lobed, petal by the sideof the germ; anthers growing to the petal; drupe-seeded. Thereb one specie* a native of China.

ClI LORIS, in botany, a genus of the polygamia monoecia classand order. Hermaphrodite calyx, glume two-valved, two (lower-ed, awued ; corolla none: stamina three; styles two; seed one ;male calyx, glume one-valved : female sessile ; calyx, glume two-valved. There are live species, natives of the West Indies.

CHLOROSIS, in medicine, a disease commonly called thefreen-sickncss. See Mf.dicine. *

CIIOASPES, in ancient geography, a river in the N. of Persia,which, after passing Susa, falls into ihe gulph of Bassora. It issupposed to be the Ulai mentioned by Daniel, Chap. viii. 2.

CHOCOLATE, in commerce, a kind of cake prepared prin-cipally of the nuts of the cacoa, or Cocoa-tree. In preparing thesecakes, the cocoa is properly roasted, and w ell cleaned, before it ispounded in a mortar to reduce it to a coarse mass, which is after-wards ground as fine as possible on a stone. As soon as it is suf-ficiently triturated, it is put quite hot into tin moulds, where itcongeals in a very short time. 'Phis is the common chocolate, asprepared in England from the cocoa alone, without any other in-gredient. Sometimes, however, a small quantity of sugar, or ofvanilla, is added, for improving its taste. As these cakes are-very liable to eontract good as well as bad scents, they should becarefully wrapped up in paper, and kept in a dry place. Good,unadulterated chocolate, ought to possess the following properties:a brown colour inclining to red, and rather lively than faint; asmooth surface not affected by mere contact of the hand; a lineand uniform consistence on breaking it, without any granulatedparticles, which arise from the addition of sugar, employed by themanufacturer to conceal still baser ingredients; lastly, it shouldeasily melt in the mouth, and leave no roughness or astringency,but ralher'a cooling sensation on the tongue. 'Phis last quality isthe most decisive criterion of genuine chocolate. Among thevarious experiments made with the view of discovering substitutesfor the expensive nut of the cocoa, in the preparation of chocolate,none has hitherto completely succeeded. I he Germans employsweet almonds, as well as the blanched, dried, and roasted kernelsof the hazel, and wall-nut, for this purpose; and Mr. Margratfprocured a quantity of oil from the fruit, or kernel, of the lime-tree, which he formed into a paste, resembling chocolate, but itdiffered much from it, both in taste and flavour. Chocolate,ready-made, and cocoa-paste, are prohibited to be imported, onpenalty of forfeiting the same, and double the value: 10 Geo. I.c. 10, sec. 2. Considered as an article of diet, chocolate is a nu-tritive and, in general, wholesome food, well adapted to the weakstomachs of invalids and valetudinarians. If duly prepared, andnot too much roasted in the nuts (which imparts a dark, ratherthan reddish colour to the cakes), it is easily dissolved in a liquidstate; and being quickly assimilated to alimentary matter, it isless flatulent, and oppressive, than most vegetable dishes of a viscid,and oily nature. To promote its digestion, it ought not to be usedwithout the addition of aromatic spice, such as cinnamon, carda-moms, vanilla, &c. which last, however, must be sparingly em-ployed, as it is one of the most heating, and stimulating drugs.

CIIOC/LM, orCHOCZIN, a town of Moldavia, seated onthe Dniester, near Boland, 110 miles N. \\ . of Jassy.

CTK) ENIX, x’ 1 " 1 ?! an ancient dry measure, containing the48th part of a medimnus, or six bushels.

CllOIR, that part of the church or cathedral where choristerssing divine service: it is separated from the chancel, where thecommunion is celebrated ; and also from the nave of the church,where the people are placed; the patron is said to be obliged torepair the choir of the church. It was in the time of Constantinethat the choir was separated from the nave. In the Xlltli cen-tury, they began to inclose it with walls ; but the ancient balus-trades have been since restored, out of a view to the beauty of ar-chitecture.

Choir, in nunneries, is a large hall adjoining to the body ofthe church, separated by a grate, where the nuns sing the office.

CllOLAGOGUES, [x°t© j , bile,] medicines which have thepower of purging bile or clioler.

CHOLEDOGHUS, [from x o>,| > clioler, and Sty ppm, to con-tain,] in anatomy, a term applied to a canal, or duct, called alsoductus communis ; formed of the union of the porus bilarius andductus cysticus. Passing obliquely to the lower end of the duo-denum, it serves to convey the bile from the liver to the intes-tines.

CIIOLER. See Bile and Gall.

CHOLERA Morbus, a sudden eruption or overflowing ofthe bile or bilious matters both upwards and downwards. SecMedicine.

CHOLET, a town of France, in the department 1 of Maine andLoire. I.on. 0. 43. \V. Lat. 47. 10. N.

CIIOM ELIA, in botany, a genus of the tetrandria monogyniaclass and order. Calyx four-parted ; corolla salver-shaped, tour-parted ; drupe inferior, with a two-celled nut; stigmata two,thickish. One species, found in America.

CHONDRILLA, in botany, a genus of the polygamia equalisorder, and svngenesia class of plants; natural order, Composita*.Receptacle naked ; calyx cal vculated ; pappus simple and stalked ;florets in a manifold series. Three species.

CHONDROSYNDESMUS, in ancient medical writings, acartilaginous ligament.

CHORAGl'S, in the ancient theatres, an officer who super-intended the chorus.

CIIORASAN, CHORASSAN, or KIIORASSANL the an-cient Baclria, a pr ivince of Persia, adjoining to Usbec Tartary,on the N. E. and the birth-place of Kouli Khan.

CIIORAX, or CI1ARAX, a city of Characcne, in Persiacalled also Alexandria, from Alexander the Great; afterwards An-tiochia, from Antiochus V. king of Syria ; and lastly' Chorax Spa-sina', or Pasina’, i. c. the Mole of the Spasines.

CIIORAZ1M, or CUORAXIN, a town of Galilee; the in-lidelily of whose inhabitants was lamented by our Saviour.

CHORD, in geometry, a right line, which joins the two endsof any arc of a circle. SVe Geometry.

Chord, in music, the union of two or more sounds uttered atthe same time, and forming together an entire harmony. The na-tural harmony produced by the resonance of a sounding body, iscomposed of three different sounds, without reckoning their oc-taves ; which form among themselves the most agreeable and per-fect chord that can ipossibly he heard : for which reason they arecalled, on account of their excellence, perfect chords. Hence,in order to render tliat harmony complete, it is necessary that eachchord should at least consist of three sounds. Chords are dividedinto perfect and imperfect, or more properly, direct and reversed.

Chord, Direct, or Perfect, is that which is composed ofthe fundamental sound below, of its third, its fifth, and its octave:they are likewise subdivided into major and minor, according asthe thirds which enter into their composition are flat or sharp.

Chord, Imperfect, or Reversed, is that in which the sixth,instead of the fifth, prevails, and in general all those whose lowestare not their fundamental sounds.

Chords are also divided into consonances and dissonances.The chords denominated consonances, are the perfect chord, andits derivatives : every other cord is a dissonance.

Chords, or Cords, of Musical Instruments, are strings,by the vibration of which the sensation of sound is excited, and bythe divisions of which the several degrees of tone are determined.For the division of musical chords, tunc# of vibration, Ac. SeeMusic.

CHORDA, in anatomy, a small nerve extending over the drumof the ear.

CIIORDAPSUS, in medicine, a disease of the intestines, calledalso Volvulus, or the Iliac Passion. See Medicine.

CIIORDOSTYI.UM, in botany, a genus of the cryplogamiafungi. Fungus tenacious; on a very long, tough, slightly branch-ed stem ; head globular, somewhat deciduous, bearing the seeds.There are five species. ’

CHOREA Sancti Viti, Vitus’s Dance. See Medicine.

CIIOREUS, [Xogn©q] afoot in the ancient poetry more com-nionlv called troduvus. See Trochee.

CHORGES, or GORGES, a town of France anciently pos-sessed bv the Caturigi. It lies 10 miles E. of Gap.

CHOU I AM BUS, in ancient poetry, a fool consisting of foursyllables, whereof the first and last are long, and the two middleones are short; such is the word nobdjtas.

■CIIORION*