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CHRONOLOGY.
A. M.
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5059
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5061
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5063
5065
5069
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5072
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.5081
A.D.
on the ice, enter the Greek empire w ith 800,000men, and destroy all with fire and sword ; butgreat numbers of them being swept off by thedistempers that raged among them, ConstantineArianites tails suddenly upon them, kills many,and the rest threw down their arms; great num-bers of which are allowed to settle in Bulgaria.
1054 Tangrolipix commits great ravages in Iberia, kills
all the people that fall into his power, and takesmany towns.
1055 Constantine Monomachus, emperor of the east, dies,
and is succeeded by Theodora, sister to his wifeZoe.
Victor II. succeeds Leo IX. in the popedom.
The Scotch warring against the English are subduedby Seward, Earl of Northumberland.
1056 Theodora, empress of the east, dies, and is succeed-
ed by Michael Stratioticus.
1057 Stephen X. succeeds Victor II. in the popedom ;
and Stephen X. is succeeded the next year bvNicholas II.
Michael Stratioticus being deposed, Isaac Comnenussucceeds him in the empire of the east.
1058 Edward the Confessor, king of England, remitted
the tax of Danegelt.
1059 Constantine Ducas succeeds Isaac Comnenus in the
empire of the east.
1061 Alexander II. succeeds Nicholas II. in the popedom.
1065 A great earthquake overturned many fine buildings
at Constantinople, and a comet appeared for fortydays together.
Jerusalem taken by the Turks from the Saracens.
1066 Edward the Confessor dies, Jan. 5, and is succeeded
in the kingdom of England by Harold II.
Battle of Hastings, Oct. 14, between Harold II. theEnglish king, and William, duke of Normandy,in which the former was defeated and killed ;upon which William, surnamed the Conqueror,succeeds to the throne of England, and reignednear 21 years.
1068 Romanus Ijiogenes succeeds to the empire of theeast.
1071 Michael Ducas succeeds Romanus Diogenes in the
empire of the east.
1072 Cutlu-Moses, cousin to Tangrolipix, assisted by
Axan, the Turkish sultan, wars against the Greeks,and in a small time conquered Media, Lycaonia,Cappadocia, and Bythinia, fixing his seat atNice.
1073 Gregory VII. otherwise named Hildebrand, succeeds
Alexander II. in the popedom.
1074 Pope Gregory V11. ordained, (in opposition to the law
that was made by II enry I il.emper- rof German v,)that no emperor should have any hand in theelection or confirmation of the Roman bishop,and excommunicated all those that received anyspiritual promotion at the emperor’s hands,'t hese laws of the pope so displeased Henry IV.the then reigning emperor of Germany; that hewaged war against the pope. Gregory also com-manded that no priest shall be married ; and thatthose that had wives, must divorce them.
1075 The emperor of Germany marches against the re-
volted Saxons, and reduces them to his obedience.
1076 Gregory, bishop of Borne, excommunicates the em-
peror Henry IV. because he would not obey hiscommands: he also deprives him of the imperialpower, and absolves his subjects from their allegi-ance to him, willing the princes of Germany tochoose a new emperor. On account of the pope’sexcommunication, &c. several of the Germanprinces revolted from the emperor, and the em-pire is cruelly harrassed with civil commotions.
1077 The emperor of Germany, through the advice of his
lords, came humbly to the pope, w alking upon
A. M. A.D.
his bare feet, and desired of him pardon and ab-solution, which is at last obtained with great dif-ficulty.
5082 1078 Nicephorus Botoniates succeeds Michael Ducas inthe Greek empire.
While the emperor of Germany was in Italy, theprinces and bishops of Saxony chose Rodolph,duke of Suabia, to be emperor; which choicepope Gregory greatly encouraged.
5084 1080 The Domesday survey compiled.
5085 1081 Alexius Comnenus succeeds Nicephorus Botoniates
in the Greek empire.
5086 1082 The Scythians cross the Danube, invade Thrace, and
lay it waste with great cruelties ; but are at lastdriven away by Tilicius, the Greek general.
Gregory, bishop of Rome, condemns the opinion ofBeringarius, concerning the sacrament, and ex-communicates Henry IV. emperor of Germany,the second time.
5087 1083 The Scythians come again into Thrace ; the Greek
emperor goes against them in person ; and afteran obstinate fight, from morning to night, he wasforced to retire precipitately, losing a prodigiousnumber of his men by the sword and captivity,the emperor himself with difficulty escaping. Atthe same time the Turks break into the empire,took all the principal places in Asia, and theisland of Chios ; and while the empress’s brotherwas gone into the east, he was again overthrownby the Scythians, who took his camp and bag-gage, though a little after he defeated them.
The emperor Henry IV. enters Italy, with a strongarmy, intending to appease the fury of the pope,and look the city of Rome. The pope fled se-cretly to the Normans.
The German eipperor, holding a council at Brixia,made Robert bishop of Rome, (in opposition topope Gregorv VII.) which before was bishop ofRavenna, and named him Clement, by whom hecaused himself to he crowned shortly after.
5088 1084 The emperor Alexius entirely defeats the Scythians,
which puts an end to the Scythian war. After-wards he inarches against the Turks, with whomhis brother-in-law has several battles with varioussuccesses.
5089 1085 About this time several battles are fought between
Henry IV. and the revolted Saxons, in whichboth sides suffered greatly.
5090 1086 Victor HI. succeeds Gregory VII. in the popedom.
5091 1087 William II. surnamed Rufus, succeeds his father
William the Conqueror in the kingdom of Eng-land, and reigned about 13 years.
5092 1088 Urban II. succeeds Victor III. in the popedom.
5096 1092 A very high wind in England, which threw down in
London 600 houses.
5098 1094 The Scythians defeated by Alexius in two successive
battles ; upon which a peace was made upon theemperor’s own terms.
The western Christians, (called by the Greeks Latins)by the instigation of one Peter a hermit, under-take the recovery of the Holy Land from the'Links. Pope Urban II. having called a councilat Clermont in France, where 310 bishops werepresent, and the ambassadors of most of the Latinprinces, a religious war was concluded on, and anarmy of 300,000 men raised under the commandof several princes. This is what is called thefirst Croisade or Crusade, from the circumstanceof tlie persons engaged in it wearing the sign ofthe cross, croix , in branch, and crux , in Latin,bolh signifving a cross.
5100 1096 The Latins, under Peter the Hermit, cut to pieces
bv the 'Lurks near the town of Cinitus, so thatout of 40,000 only 3000 are left.
5101 1097 The Latins, in their march to Jerusalem, take the
cities