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garet countess of Richmond (d) fotir; to king Henry Y![. (r)five; which last mentioned prince, being file farthest remover! fromthe common stock, gives the denomination to the degree of kin-dred in the canon and municipal law : Though according to thecomputation of the civilians, (who count upwards from cither ofthe persons related to the common stock, and then downwardsagain to the other; reckoning a degree for each perron both as-cending and descending,) these two princes are related in theninth degree; for from king Richard 111. to Richard duke ofYork is one degree; to Richard earl of Cambridge two; to Ed-mund duke of York three ;to king Edward 111. the common an-cestor, four; to John of Gaunt five; to John earl of Somerset, six;to John duke of Somerset, seven; to Margaret countess of Rich-mond, eight; to king Ilenrv VII. nine. See the Table of Con-sanguinity, Plate Li, wherein all the degrees of collateral kindredto the propositus are computed, as far as the 14th of the civiliansaiYJ the ninth of the canonists inclusive; the former being distin-guished by numeral lepers, the latter by common figures.

Consanguinity, Lineal, is that which subsists between per-sons of whom one is descended in a direct line from the other; asbetween John Stocks, the propositus in the table of consanguinity(See Plate LI1,) and his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, andso upwards in the direct ascending line; or between John Stocksand his son, grandson, great-grandson, and so downwards in thedirect descending line. Every generation, in this direct linealeonsangtiinity, constitutes a different degree, reckoning either up-wards or downwards; the father of John Slocks is related to himin the first degree, and so likewise is his son; his grandsire andgrandson, in the second ; his great-grandsire and great-grandson inthe third. This is the only natural way of reckoning the degreesin the direct line; and therefore universally obtains, as well in (hecivil and canon, as in the common law. 'I bis lineal consanguinityfalls strictly within the definition given by lawyers, of vinculumpersonarum, ab eodem slipite descendentium; as lineal relationsdescend one from the other, and both of course from the samecommon ancestor. The doctrine of lineal consanguinity is suf-ficently obvious ; but it is astonishing to consider the number oflineal ancestors which every- man has, within no very great num-ber of degrees: and so many different bloods is a man said to con-tain in his veins, as he has lineal ancestors. Of these lie has twoin the first ascending degree, his own parents; he has four in thesecond; the parents of his father, and the parents of his mother:he has eight in the third, the parents of his two grandfathers, andof his two grandmothers ; and, by the same rule of progression,he has 128 in the seventh ; 1024 in the tenth ; and at the 20th de-gree, or the distance of twenty generations, every person has abovea million of ancestors, as common arithmetic will demonstrate.This will seem surprising to those who are unacquainted with theincreasing power of progressive numbers; but is palpably evidentfrom the annexed table, in which the first term is two, and the de-nominator also two; for each of us has two ancestors in the firstdegree, the number of whom is doubled at every remove; becauseeach of our ancestors has also two immediate ancestors ol bis own.A shorter way of finding the number of ancestors at any even de-2 gvee, is by squaring the number of ancestors at half that4 number of degrees. Thus 16 the number of ancestors8 at four degrees, is the square of four, the number of au-16 cestors at two; 250 is the square of 10 ; 655.30 of 250;32 and the number of ancestors at 40 degrees would be the04 square of 1,048,576, or upwards of a million of millions.128 Rut notwithstanding these calculations are numerically256 just, they cannot be supposed to be strictly true of every512 individual. On the contrary, we are certain from the1024 vast number of intermarriages, that have taken place2048 among consanguineous relations in all ages and countries,4096 that such estimates must be greatly beyond the truth8192 with regard to a great majority of mankind. For in-16384 stance, if a man’s falher and mother are cousins german,32768 the son and daughter of two brothrrs, it is plain, that65530 though be lias two grandfathers, lie has not four great-131072 grandfathers, but only three. And on this principle,262144 a Jew or Bramin, whose ancestors, for twenty genera-5-24288 tions, have constantly intermarried w ithin their own1048576 tribe, or cast, must have fewer ancestors by many thou-sands, than a person whose ancestors were under no such restric-tion by law or custom. And we are certain that the patriarch

Noah, although he might have had 3'2 ancestors in the 5th degree,had in fact only two in the tenth. Admitting everv deduction,however, for the identity of particular ancestors, l>y intermar-riages among near relations, still the number of lineal ances-tors, which every individual has, must be allowed to be verygreat.

CONSAR, a town of Persia, in the province of Irak, 52 milesN. W. of Ispahan.

C ONSRAC1I, a town of Sweden, in S. Gothland, 32 miles N.of Wardbcq.

CONSCIENCE, [conscicntia, Latin.] the knowledge orfaculty by which we judge of the goodness or wickedness of our-selves.

CONSCIENCE, in ethics, the moral sense. See MoralPhilosophy.

Conscience Courts op, are courts of recovery of smaltdebts, constituted by act ol parliament in London, \Veslminster r&c. and other populous and trading districts.

CONSECRATION, a rite or ceremony of dedicating and de-voting tilings or persons to the service of God, with an applicationof certain proper solemnities.

Consecration is also used for the benediction of the elementsin tlie eucharist.

CottsBCAATiON, in Jewish antiquity, the Mosaical law ordained,that all the lirst-born, both of men anil beasts, should be sanctifiedor consecrated to God. We find also', that Joshua consecrated theGibeoniles, as David and Solomon did the Nethinims, to the ser-vice of the temple; and that the Hebrews sometimes consecratedtheir fields and cattle to the Lord, after which they were no longerin their power.

/Consecration, among antiquaries, is tiie representation onmedals of the apotheosis of an emperor, or his translation amongthe gods. On one side is the emperor’s head, crowned with lau-rel, sometimes veiled; and the inscription gives him the title ofdivus: on the reverse is a temple, a bustum, an altar, or an eagletaking its Right towards heaven, either from off the altar, or fromacippus. Sometimes tiie emperor is seen in the air, born up bytlie eagle ; the inscription always consecratio. Them are theusual symbols; yet on the reverse of that of Antoninus is tlie An-tonine column. In the apotheoses of empresses, instead of afteagle there is a peacock.

Consecration of Churches, &c. Among tlie ancient Chris-tians, the consecration of churches was performed with a great dealof pious solemnity. In what manner it was done for tlie three (irstages, is uncertain ; tlie authentic accounts reaching no higher thanthe fourth, when in the peaceable reign of Constantine, churcheswere every where built, and dedicated with great solemnity. Somethink tlie consecration consisted in setting up the sign of llie cross,or in placing a communion table in tlie church ; and others, thatno more was done than [(reaching a panegyrical sermon in com-memoration of (lie founder, and that then they proceeded to pray-ers one of winch was composed on purpose for (lie church to be con-secrated. The Romanists iia\e a great deal of foppery in theceremonies of consecration ; which they bestow on almost everytiling, as bells, candles, books, water, oil, ashes, palms, swords,banners, pictures, crosses, agnus-dei’s, roses, children's clouts, &c.In England, churches have been always consecrated with parti-cular ceremonies, the form of which was left to the discretion oftlie bishop. That observed by archbishop Laud, in consecratingSt. Catherine Creed church, in London, gave great offence.

CON SECTARY, deduction from premises; consequence; co-rollary. See Corollary.

CONSENT of Parts, in the animal economy, an agreementor sympathy, whereby, when one part is immediately affected,another at a distance becomes affected in the same manner. Thismutual accord or consent is supposed to be effected by the com-merce of tlie nerves, and their ramification throughout tiie body.The effect is so sensible as even to come under tlie physicians cog-nizance : the remedy, therefore, in such eases, is to regard thepart originally affected, how remote and grievous soever may liethe consequences and symptoms in other places. The fifth con-jugation of nerves branched to the parts of the eye, the ear, thoseof'Uie mouth, cheeks, pnecordia, and parts adjacent, &<•. is sup-posed by naturalists to be tlie instrument of that particular and ex-traordinary consent between those parts. Hence a savoury tilingseen or smelled excites the appetite, and affects the glands ana

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