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not to betray her friends, was proof against that diabolical inyen- ;tion. Not ii groan, not a word, could be extorted from her. The |chancellor, provoked with what he called her obstinacy, augment- ,ed her tortures with his own hands, and with unheard ot violence :but her courage and constancy were invincible ; and these barba-rians gained nothing by their' cruelties but everlasting disgrace andinfamy. As soon us she was taken from the rack, she fainted away ;but being recovered, she was condemned to the llames. Herbones were dislocated in such a manner, that they were forced tocarry her in a chair to the place of execution. W hile she was atthe stake, letters were brought her from the lord chancellor, offer-ing her the king’s pardon if she would recant. Hut she refused tolook at them ; telling the messenger, that “ she came not thitherto deny her Lord and Master.” 'The same letters were also ten-tiered to three other persons condemned to the same fate ; andwho, animated by her example, refused to accept them. \V here-upon the lord mayor commanded the lire to be kindled ; andwith savage ignorance cried out, Fiat justitia, “ Let justice take itscourse.” The faggots being lighted, she commended her soul,with the utmost composure, into the hands of her Maker; and,like the great founder of the religion she professed, expired, pray-ing for her murderers, July 16, 1546, about the 25th year of.her age.

CONSTANTIA, a district at the Cape of Good Hope, con-sisting of two farms, which produce the well known wine so muchprized in Europe, and known by the name of Cape or Constantinwine.

CONSTANTIN A, a territory of Africa, in the kingdom ofAlgiers.

Constantix a, the capital of the above territory, 75 miles fromthe sea. Lon. 7. 12. K. Lat. 36. 4, N.

Constantixa, a small territory of Spain, in Andalusia.

Constantin a, the capital of the above territory. Lon. 5. 35.W. Lat.-37. 40. N.

CONSTANTINE, the name of 13 emperors of the East. r I herehi a strange inaccuracy among authors in enumerating the emperorsof this name. Some make only IX ; others X ; Alstedius reckonsXI ; Marcel and other good chronologisls enumerate XIII; whilealmost all of them occasionally blunder in their numbers,- whenapplied to particular emperors.

Constantine I, surnamcdlhe Great, the first emperor of theRomans who embraced Christianity. Dr. Anderson in his RoyalGenealogies, makes him not only a native of Britain, but the son ofa British princess. It is certain that his father Conslantius Chlorus,was at York, when, upon the abdication of Dioelesian, he shavedtheRoinan empire with Galerius Maximinus in 305, and that he diedin York, in 306; having first caused his son Constantine lobeproclaimed emperor by his army, and by the Britons. Galeriusat first refused to admit Constantine to his father’s share in the im-perial throne ; but after having lost several battles, lie consented in30S. Maxentius, who succeeded Galerius, opposed him : but wasdefeated, and drowned himself in the Tiber. The senate then de-clared Constantine first Augustus, and Licinius his associate in theempire, in 313. These princes published an edict, in their jointnames, in favour of the Christians: but soon after Licinius, jea-lous of Constantine’s renown, conceived an implacable hatredagainst him, and renewed the persecutions against the Christians.This brought on a rupture between the emperors, and a battle, inwhich Constantine was victorious. A short peace ensued; butLicinius haying shamefully violated the treaty, the war was renew-ed when Constantine totally defeating him, lie lied to Nicomedia,where lie was taken prisoner and strangled in 323. Constantine,now becoming solemaster of the whole empire,invaiediatelv formedthe plan of establishing Christianity as the religion of the s'tate ; forwhich purpose he convoked several ecclesiastical councils: butfinding he was likely to meet with great opposition from the Pa-gan interest at Rome, lie conceived the design of founding a newcity, to be the capital of his empire. See Constantinople.Constantine now displayed his regard for the religion which hehad adopted, by building numerous churches, and tailing a journeyto Jerusalem to visit the holy sepulchre. In the Holy Laud heerected a church at Bethlehem. At this time the Christian worldwas disturbed by the disputes between the orthodox and theArians. At the head of the first stood Athanasius, to whom Con-stantine shewed but little favour, and consented to his banishment;

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but afterwards he condemned the doctrines of Arius, and adheredto the Nicene confession. He poured a food of wealth on theChristian world. With this zeal for religion he blended courageand justice. He performed many actions that entitled him to thename of Great. In 332, the Sanitations implored his assistanceagainst the Goths, who had made an irruption into their territories,and- destroyed every thing with lire and sword. The empero;readily granted their request, and gained a complete victoryNear 100,000 of the enemy perished, either in the battle, orafter it, with hunger and cold. In consequence of this overthrow,the Goths were obliged to sue for peace ; but the ungrateful Sar-niatians no sooner found themselves delivered from their enemies,than they turned their arms against their benefactor, and ravagedthe provinces of M&'sia and Thrace. The empero^, receiving in-telligence of this treachery, returned with incredialc expedition,cut great numbers of them in pieces, and obliged the rest (o sub-mit. Constantine seems to have been a prince very highly re-spected, even by far distant nations. In 333, according to Eu-sebius, ambassadors arrived at Conslanfic.-ople from the Blemyes,Indians, Ethiopians, and Persians, courting his friendship. Theywere received in a most obliging manner ; and learning from theambassadors of Sapor, king of Persia, that there were great num-bers of Christians in their master's dominions, Constantine wrotea letter in their behalf to the Persian monarch. Next year, theSarmatians being attacked by the Goths, found themselves obligedto arm their slaves against them. They thus overcame the Goths:but the victorious slaves turning their arms against their masters,drove them out of the country. This misfortune obliged them, tothe number of 300,000, to apply for relief to the emperor, who in-corporated with his legions such as were capable of service ; andgave settlements to the rest in Thrace, Scythia, Mncedon, andItaly. This was tiie last remarkable action of Constantine. He.died May 25, aged 66, 337, having divided the empire among hischildren and nephews, in the following manner. Constantine, 1his eldest son, had Gaul, Spain, and Britain; Constantins, the se-cond, had Asia, Syria, and Egypt ; and Constans, the youngest,Illyricum, Italy, and Africa, To his nephew Dalmatius, he gaveThrace, Macedon, and Achaia ; and to king Annabaliamis, hisother nephew, Armenia Minor, Pontus, Cappadocia, and the city'of Casarea, which he desired might be the capital of his king-dom.

Constantine, Robert, a learned physician horn at Caen,taught polite literature in that city : and acquired great reputa-tion by his skill in the Greek language, in history, and in medi-cine. lie died in 1603, aged 103. He wrote a dictionary inGreek and Latin, and other works, which are esteemed.

Constantine, in geography, a kingdom of Africa, in Barbary,bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, on the E. by the king-dom of Tunis, on the S. by Biledulgerid, and on the W. by theriver Sufegmar, which separates it from the kingdom of Bugiu. Itis the new Numidia of the ancients, and had its own kings; butit is now a province of Algiers.

CONS’I ANTINOPLE, one of the largest and most celebrat-ed cities in Europe, situated at the eastern extremity of Romania,and capital of the Ottoman empire. It is delightfully situated be-tween the Black Sea and the Archipelago, and i- now calledIslampol by the Turks, and by the Greeks Slampoli. It is 700miles S. E- of Vienna. Lon. 28. 59. E. from London, Lat. 41. 1.N. There are a great number of ancient monuments, of the origi-nal grandeur of Constantinople, still remaining. Among thesemay be mentioned the ancient Hippodrome, begun l>v AlexanderSeverus and finished by Constantine. The Turks call it Alniei-dau. It has a pyramid of Theban marble inscribed with hiero-glyphics. See HirroDROME. '1 here is also a colossus consist-ing of several square blocks of free stone; a triangular pillar ofcast brass representing three serpents entwined in each other, butthe triple head is wanting; a column erected in honour of the em-peror Arcadiuf, &c. but the superb temple of St. Sophia, nowconverted into a mosque, surpasses all the lest for grandeur andelegance. This city was enlarged and beautified by the emperorConstantine the Great, in 330. At the same time lie transferredthither the seat of the empire; and this removal is generallythought to have been one of the principal causes of the suddendecline of the western empire. The number of inhabitants in thisextensive city, has been variously estimated. Dr. Brookes and