/
COT
44
COT
ing a return of ">,900 per cent, on the raw material. But the jjstate of the raw material-;, ami the progic-sive ami .v.-tonidungincrease of this manufacture, will be best understood by whatfollows:
Cotton If'ool used in
Suppost d Cub.'.
ths Munvfacture.
manoj'actjit
1781
jj, 5,101,920
L. 2,oob,ooo
1782
11,206,810
; 1 , 900,000
1783
9,346,179
3,200,0(10
178 i
11,280,238
3.930,000
1785
17,99-’,888
6,000.0011
1786
19,151,867
6,500,000
1787
22,600,000
7,300,00!*
In June, 1796, a patent was granted to Mr. Robert Miller,calico-printer, Dumbartonshire, Scotland, for a method of weav-ing all kinds of cotton, linen, and worsted-cloths, hv .means oflooms worked be water ; and which may be farther facilitated bysteam-engines, horses, or any other power: tiie weaving is per-formed at considerably less expence, and more expeditiously,than it can be accomplished by the hands of w eaver-; the cloththus woven is of a more regular texture, and superior to thatwrought by the hand. But, as this patent relates purely to amechanical operation, solely calculated for manufacturers, we re-fer the reader to the eighth vol. of the “Repertory ot Arts andManufactures.” Further improvements have lately been madein the manufacturing of this important article by the application ofsteam, &c. The utility of cotton is not merely confined to themanufacture of different cloths: it is also capable ot being con-verted into hats and paper. Experiments have shewn, that, ifraw cotton be beaten to a sufficient degree, and then reduced to aproper pulp, it will produce a smooth, strong, whitepaper, littleinferior in texture to that commonly made of linen rags.
Cotton, Sir Robert, a most eminent English antiquarian, de-scended from an ancient family, was born in 1370. in bis 18thyear he began to collect ancient records, charters, and other MSS.Camden, Selden, and Speed, acknowledged their obligations tohim in their respective works. He was highly distinguished byqueen Elizabeth, and by James I. who created nim a baronet. liewrote many things himself; but our principal obligations to himare for his valuable library, consisting of curious MSS. &c. whichlie was 40 years in collecting. At his death, in 1631, he left theproperty of it to his family, though designed for public use. Alarge accession was made to this library by private benefactions be-fore the death of the founder, and afterwards by the purchases ofhis heirs, and donations of others, who added to it a great num-ber of books, chietly relating to the history and antiquities ofBritain. An act of parliament was obtained, at the request of SirJohn Cotton, in 1700, for preserving it after his decease, underthe denomination of the Cottonian Library, for public use. Itis now fixed in the British Museum. For statutes relating to it,see 12 and 13 William III. cap. 5, and 5 Anne, cap. 30.
Cotton Weed, a species of Filago.
COTTUS, the Bull-head, in ichthyology, a genus of fishesof the order thoracici. Head broader than the body, spiny ;eyes vertical and supplied with a nictitating membrane ; gill mem-brane, of six rays ; body round, without scales, tapering towardsthe tail; dorsal fins generally two. There are ten species, ofwhich the principal is C. gobio, the river bull-head. r l his isabout five inches long when full grown, is found in almost everypart of Europe in clear streams, and conceals itself under a stone,or in the gravel. Its food consists of worms, aquatic insects, andextremely young fish. The mailed bull-head, or C. cataphrnctus,is found in abundance in the seas of Europe. For a representationof it see Plate LV.
COTULA, in botany, May-weed; a genus of the polygamiasuperflua order, and syngenesia class of plants. Receptacle al-most naked ; pappus niarginated; florets of the disc quadrifid ; ofthe radius frequently none. There are fifteen species, all herba-ceous annuals.
Cotula, or Cotyla, a liquid measure in use among the an-cients. Fannins says, the cotyla was the same thing u ith the he-reina, which was half a sextary.
COTU Y, a canton and town in the Spanish part of the island•f St. Domingo.
COTYLEDON, A seed consists of thiee parts: viz. the co-tyledons, the radicle, and the plumula, which are usually inclosedin a cover. If w e take a garden bean, we may perceive each ofthese three parts with great ease ; for this seed is of so large a size,tint all its organs are exceedingly distinct. When we strip oil'theexternal coats of the bean, which arc two, we find that it easily di-vides into two lobes, prettv nearly of the same size and figure.Each of these lobes is called a cotyledon. The cotyledons of thebean, then, arc two in number. Sec Botany.
Cotyledon, Naval Wort ; a genus of the pentagynia order,and deeandria class of plants; natural order, Succuleiita’. Calyxnuinquetid ; corolla monopctalous ; there are live nectari feu usscales -at the base of the gertnen ; capsules live. There are nine-teen sp'-eies most of them hardy succulent perennials; nativeschiefly of the Cape. .
COTYLEDON ES, in anatomy, are certain glandular bodies,adhering to the chorion of some animals.
COTYTTIA, the lestivals of Cotylto.
COTYTTO, the goddess of all debauchery. Her festivalswere celebrated by the Athenians, Corinthians, Thracians, &c.during the night. Her priests were called bapla-, and nothingbut debauchery and wantonness prevailed at the celebration.
COUCH, in painting, denotes a lay, or impression of colour,whether in oil or water, wherewith the painter covers his canvas,wall, wainscot, or other surface to be painted.
Couch is also used for a lay or impression on any thing, tomake it firm and consistent, or to screen it from the weather.Paintings are c overed with a couch of varnish ; a canvas t<» hepainted must first have two couches of size, before the colours belaid; two or three couches of white lead arc laid on wood, beforethe couch of gold is applied.
COUCH A-HOTL’N, a town of Asia, in Thibet, 270 milesS. S. W. iif Tcurfan.
COUC1IANT, in heraldry, is understood of a lion, or otherbeast, when lying down, but with his head raised ; which distin-guishes the posture of eonchant from dormant, wherein he is sup-posed quite stretched out and asleep.
COUCI1E, in heraldry, denotes any thing lying along : thus,chevron-couche, is a chevron lying sideways, with the two endson each side of the shield, which should properly rest on thebase.
COUCHER, or COURCIIER, in our statutes, is used fora factor, or one that continues in some place or country for traf-fic ; as formerly in Gascoigne, for the buying of wines. Anno37 Edw. III. c. 16.
Coucher is also used for the general book in which any religioushouse or corporation register their particular acts. Anno 3 and4 Edw. VI. c. 10.
COUCHES, a town of France, in the department of SaoneandLoire, 12 miles E. S. E. of Aiituu.
COUC11GRASS. See Triticum.
COUCHING of a Cataract, in Surgery. See Surgery.
COUCO, a country of Africa, in Algiers, governed by an in-dependent chief. It is mountainous, hut fertile, and lies betweenAlgiers and Rnujeiah.
COUCOUR-IIOTUN, a town of Thibet, 210 miles. W. ofTourfan.
COVENAN T, in ecclesiastical history, denotes a contract orconvention agreed to by the Scots in 1638 for maintaining theirreligion free from innovation. In 1581, the general assembly ofScotland drew tip a confession of faith, or national covenant, con-demning episcopal government, under the name of hierarchv, whichwas signed by James I. and which lie enjoined on all his subjects.It was again subscribed in 1590 and 1596. The subscription wasrenewed in 1638, and the subscribers engaged by oath to maintainreligion in the same state as it was in 1580, and to reject all innovationsintroduced since that time. 'This oath annexed to the confessionof faith received the name of the covenant: as those who subscribedto it were called covenanters.
Covenant, in law, is the agreement of two or more persons todo, or not do, some act, or thing, contracted between them. Alsoit is the declaration the parties make, that they will stand to suchagreement, relating to lands or oilier things: and is created bydeed in writing, sealed and executed by the parties, or otherwiseit may be implied in the contract thereto. And it the persons do
not