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complied with the emperor’s orders, in sacrificing to idols. At hisreturn to Carthage he held several councils on the repentance ofthose who had fallen off during this persecution, and oilier pointsof discipline; he opposed the schemes of Novatus and Novatia-tuis; and contended for the re-baptizing ot those who had beenbaptised by heretics.' At last he died a martyr in the persecutionunder Valerian and Gallienus , in 238. Cyprian wrote 81 letters,anil several treatises. The best editions of his works are those ofPamelius in 1368; of Rigaltius in 1648; and of Oxford in 1682.Ilis works have also been translated into English by Dr. Marshall.

CYPR1NUS, the Carp, in natural history, a genus of fishesof the order abdominales. Mouth small anrf without teeth ; gillmembrane, with three rays; ventral fais often, and, perhaps, ge-lterally nine-rayed. There are fifty species, of which C. carpio ,or the common carp, inhabits the slow and stagnant waters ofmany countries of Europe , in which it is found extremcly-to varyin size, from sixteen inches, to the length of three or four leet. InPersia the carp is not unfrequently found of this length, and willweigh from 30 to 40 pounds. It was introduced into England inthe sixteenth century. It feeds on herbs, worms, and water in-sects: it is extremely prolific; the roe having been occasionallyfound to weigh as much as the real substance of the fish: theprinciple of vitality in the carp is uncommonly strong: it may bekept alive in a damp situation for a very considerable time afterbeing taken from the water; and if wrapped in wet moss, amiplunged in water every four hours, and ted on bread and milk,will not only continue to exist, but will thrive and fatten: it hasbeen ascertained to live to a very considerable age, when theybecome completely white. The carp was classed by the ancientsamong sea-fish; it is, however, generally found in ponds and ri-vers; and now considered as a fresh-water fish. For a variety ofthis species, called the large-scaled carp, see Plate LV.

C. Aukai us, the Goluex’-eish, a small fish domesticated bythe Chinese , and generally kept for ornament by great people intheir courts and gardens. They breed them in small pends madefor thegnirpose, in basons, and even in porcelain vessels. Thisfish is no larger than our pilchard. The .mule is of a bright redcolour from the top of tjie head to the middle of the body: therest is of a gold colour ; but it is so bright and splendid, that thefinest gilding, according to E. le Comte, cannot approach it. Thefemale is white; but its tail and half of its body resemble the lus-tre of silver. E. du liable, however, observes, that a red andwhite colour are not always the distinguishing marks of the maleand female; but that the females are known by several while spotswhich are seen round the orifices that serve them as organs ofhearing, and the males, by having these spots much brighter.Gold fish are light and lively ; they love to spoit on the surface ofthe water, soon become familiarized, and may be even accus-tomed to come and receive their food on sounding a small rattle.

C. Barbus, the Barbel, is extremely coarse. They frequentthe still and deep parts of rivers, and live in society, rooting likethe swine with their noses in the soft banks. They are so tame asto suffer themselves to be taken by the hand; and people havebeen known to take numbers by diving for them. In summerthey move about during the night in search of food; but towardsautumn, and during winter, coniine themselves to the deepestholes.

C. Brama, the Bream, is an inhabitant of lakes, or Lhe deeppails of still rivers. It is a fish that is very little esteemed, being■extremely insipid.

C. Cvi'Halus, the Chub, is a very coarse fish and full ofbones. It frequents the deep holes of rivers; and in summer com-monly lies on the surface, beneath the shade of some tree or bush.

C. Gouio, the Gudgeon - , is generally found in gentle streams,and is of a small size, the largest not exceeding half a poundweight. They bite eagerly-; and are assembled by raking the bedof the rivet'; to this spot they immediately crowd in shoals, in ex-pectation of food.

C. Leuciscus, the Dace, is gregarious, haunts deep still waters,is a great breeder, very lively, and during summer is very fond offrolicing near the surface of the water. It never exceeds theweight of a pound and an half; the scales are smaller than those ofthe roach.

C. Rutilus, the Roach, is a common fish found in many ofthe deep still rivers of this country. They are gregarious, keep-ing in large shoals.

C. Tinca, the Tench , has by some been called the physicianof the fish ; ami its slime has been said to be of so healing a nature,that the wounded fishes apply it as a styptic. In this country it isreckoned a wholesome and delicious food: but the Germans areof a different opinion. Byway of contempt they call it the shoe-maker.

CYPRIPED1UM, the Lady’s Sluter, in botany, a genusof the diand.ia order, and gynandria class of plants ; natural order,Orchide :e. Ncctarium ventricosc, intlaled, hollow. There arefive species.

CYPRUS, an island situated in the Levant , or most easterlypart of the Mediterranean sea, between 33° and 36° Ion. E. ami30° and 31° lat. N. It is 220 miles Vug, 63 broad, and about 6lK>in circumference; and is divided from E. to W. by a chain ofmountains, the highest of which arc St. Croix, Puffavenl, andOlympus. In ancient times this island was known by the nanu-sof Acumis, Alrosa, Amathus, Aspalia, Cerastis, Colima, Crypt os,Macaria, l’aphia, Salaminia, and Sphecia. The name by winch itwas most generally known is Cyprus , said to be derived from Cy-pros, a shrub or tree, with which the island abounded; supposedto be the cypress.

Cyprus , Knights or, an order instituted by Guy de Lnsig-nan, titular king of Jerusalem , to whom Richard l. of England,after conquering Cyprus , made over his right.

CYRLNA1CA, an ancient kingdom of Africa, correspondingto the present kingdom and desert of Barca and Tripoli.

CYRENAICS , a" sect of ancient philosophers, so called fromtheir founder Aristippus of Cyrenc, a disciple of Socrates . SeeAristippus . The great principle of their doctrine was, that thesupreme good of man in this l.fe is pleasure; whereby they notonly meant a privation of pain, and a tranquillity of mind, but anassemblage ot all mental and sensual pleasures, particularly 11 elast.

CYRENIC, in ancient geography, the capital of Cvrenaica, amione of the live cities called Pentupolis, distant from Apollonia, il»sea-port, 10 miles.

CYRILL, St. bishop of Jerusalem , succeeded Maximus in330. lie was afterwards deposed for a mod praise-worthy ac-tion; viz. selling the treasures of the church, and applying themoney to the support of the poor during a great famine. But thespirit of Antichrist, which led the clergy to prefer the grandeur oflhe church to the good of the people, was then beginning to work.Under Julian he was restored to Iris see, and firmly established inall his honours under Theodosius ; in which he continued unmo-lested to his death, in 386. The remains of this father consistonly of 23 catechesos, and one letter to the emperor Constanlius.

Cyrill, St. patriarch of Alexandria, succeeded Theophilus,his uncle, in 412. Scarce was he installed, w hen he began to exerthis authority with great vigour; he drove the Novations and Jews from Alexandria, permitting their wealth and synagogues to hetaken from them. 'I his proceeding highly displeased Orestes , thegovernor , who saw, that if the bishop’s authority was not soon sup-pressed, it might grow too strong for that of the magistrate. Uponwhich a kind of civil war broke out between Orestes and the bi-shop ; many tumults were raised, and some battles fought in thevery streets of Alexandria. St. Cyrill also distinguished himselfby his zeal against Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople , who, insome of his homilies, had asserted that the Virgin Mary ought notto be called the mother of God . The dispute at first proved un-favourable to Cyrill, whose opinion was not only condemned, huthimself deprived of his bishopric and thrown into prison. But hewas soon after released, and gained a complete victory over Nes-torius, who ill 431 was deposed from his see of Constantinople .Cyrill returned to his see at Alexandria, where lie died in 444 .St. Cyrill also wrote against Theodores of Mopsuesta, Diodorusof Tarsus , and Julian the apostate. lie composed commentarieson St. John’s Gospel , and wrote several other books. Ilis workswere published in Greek and Latin in 1638, in six volumes folio.

C\ RUS the Great, the founder of the united empire of theMedes and Persian :. The two chief historians, who have writtenthe life of Cyrus, are Herodotus and Xenophon ; but their ac-counts of him" are extremely different. The former tells us, thatAstyages, king of the Medes, dreamed, that a vine sprung from thewomb of his daughter Mundane, the branches w hereof overslia-I dowed all Asia ; whereupon, having consulted the soothsayers, he! was told that this dream portended the future power and greatnessM of