C 7 A

94

C Z IJ

attenuated at the base. Eighteen species, shrubs w ithout spine;most of them proper for plantations.

CYZ1CUM, in ancient geography, an island of the Propontis ,on (he coast of Mysia .

Cyzicum, or Cyzicus , one of the noblest cities of the HitherAsia; situated in the above island. It was a colony of the Mile-sians, and is famous for its siege by Mithridales, which was raisedby I.ucullus.

CZACK.TI1URN, a town of Germany, in Austria , near thefrontiers of Hungary . It seems to be the same with Csakalhurn.Lon. 17. lfl. E. Lai. 46. 24. N.

CZACSANICH, a town of Poland , in the palatinate of Brac-law ; 38 mile;. S. of Braclaw.

CZAR, [a Sclavonian word, written more properly tzar,'] thetitle of the emperor oi Russia .

Czar, is pronounced tzar, or zaar, by the Russians ; and tliis,by corruption (it has been fancied) from Citsar, emperor, fromsome imagined relation to the Roman emperors. But this etymo-logy does not seem correct. When the Czar Peter formally re-quired of the European courts an acknowledgment of his imperialtitles, and that the appellation of Emperor should never be omitted,there was great difficulty made about it, especially at the court ofVienna . At the same time it occasioned a curious controversyamong the learned, concerning the rise and progress of the titles bvwhich the monarchs of this country have been distinguished.From their researches, it appeared that the early sovereigns ofRussia were called great dukes, and that Vassili Ivanovitch wasprpbably the first who styled himselt tzar, an expression which, inthe Sclavonian language, signifies king; am: that his successor:continued to bear, within their own dominions, that title, as themost honourable appellation, until Peter the Great first look thatof l’ovelitel, or emperor. After many delays and objections, the

principal courts of Europe consented, about 1772, to address thesovereign of Russia with the title of Emperor ; without prejudice,nevi rtheless, to the other crowned heads of Europe .

CZARNOKOZ V N ECZ1E, atown of Poland , in the palatinateof Kaminiec ; 12 miles \V. of Kaminiec.

CZASLAU, or TCllASLAU, a circle of Bohemia .

(Jz.asi.au, the capital of the above circle, 42 miles E. S. E. ofPrague .

j CZF.NSTOKOW, crCZESTOCUOVV, a town of Poland , in| the palatinate of Cracovia , with a fort, in which they keep a rich. treasuie, called the treasure of the Virgin Mary . The town is| situated on the river in Warte, 50 miles N. N. \V. of Cracow.

GZERN 1C CZKRN1CK, orCZIRNITZ, a town of Ger-many, in the circle ol Austria , and province of Carmola.

CZERMGOK, or CZERNIKOU, a duchy of Russia ; alsothe capital oi the duchy, 76 miles N. by E. of Kiow.

CZiKNITZER Zee, a very extraordinary lake of Austria , inCarmola, 15 miles long and five broad, which annually produces] both fish and com: tor in summer being dry, its bottom is culti-| vated, and it produces com, grass, &c.; but about the 20th ofj September the water rushes in from several subterraneous passages,through large apertures; which with the rains and streams that fallfrom the mountains, quickly till it again for the winter season.'Ifiese subterraneous passages are probably connected with somegulf, the ebbing or flowing of whose waters depend upon periodicalwinds or currents.

CZONGRODT, a territory of Upper Hungary.

Czongrodt, the capital of the territory. Lon. 20. 17. E. Lat.46. 50. N. ^

CZCDNOW, a town of Poland, in that part of the Ukraine ,seized by Catherine II. in 1703, and annexed to Russia .

D Is a consonant nearly approaching in sound to T, but formedby a stronger appulse of the tongue, to the upper part ot themouth. The sound of D in English is uniform, and it is nevermute. It is the fourth of the alphabet, and the third consonant.Grammarians generally reckon 1) among the lingual letters, assupposing the tongue to have the principal share in the pronuncia-tion thereof; tho’ the Abbot de Dungeau seems to have reason inrankinv it with those of the palate. The letter D is the fourth inthe Hebrew, Chaldee, Samaritan, Syriac, Greek, and Latin alphabets; in the five first of which languages it has nearly thesame name; e. g. in Hebrew, Chaldee, and Samaritan , Duteth, inSyriac Daleth, and in Greek Delta. The form of our D is thesame with that of the Latins, as appears from all the ancientmedals and inscriptions; and the Latin I) is only the Greek a,rounded a little by making it quicker and at two strokes. The aof the Greeks, again, is borrowed from the ancient character ofthe Hebrew Daleth; which form it still retains, as is shewn by theJesuit Soticiet, in his Dissertation on the Samaritan Medals. Asa numeral, D signifies 500; D, with a dash or line above it thusJ), denotes 3000. As an abbreviation, D, has various significa-tions: thus D stands for Doctor; as, M. D. for Doctor of Medi-cine; D. T. Doctor of Theology; D. 1). Doctor of Divinity,ordopo dedit; D. D. D. dat, dicat, dedicat; and D. D. D. D.for digiium Deo donum dedit.

. DA, in music hooks, signifies for or by.

DAB. See Peeuronectes.

I)ABUL.a town of Hindostan, on'the coast of Malabar, S.of thegulf of Camhaye, 75 miles S. VV. of Bombay.

DACCA,a city of Hindostan, in the [(.quarter of Bengal , seatedon a branch of the Ganges. Dacca is 160 miles N. E. ofCalcutta . '

DACE is a species of Cvprinus, which sec.

DACHAU, or DACI1AW, a town of Bavaria in Germany .Lon. 11. 30. E. Lat. 48. 20 N.

DACI1STE1N, a town of France , in the department of theLower Rhine, 8 miles VV. of Strasburg.

DACIA, in ancient geography, a country which Trajan , whoreduced it to a province, joined to Moesia by an admirable bridge.This country lies extended between the Danube and the Carpa-thian mountains , from the river 'hibiscus, quite to the N. haul ofthe Danube .

Dacia Aurei.iaxa, a part of ancient Illyricum, which was di-vided into the eastern and western ; Sirmium being the capital ofthe latter, and Sardica of the former.

DACI Elt, Andrew, a learned Frenchman, was horn of Protes-tant , parents at Castrcs, in 1651, and educated at Saimuir underTanaqtiil Faber, or Le lev re, whose learned daughter he married.He published at Baris, in 108 f, an edition of Pompeius Fcstus,for the use of the dauphin. 11 is translation of Horace came outthe same year. In 1601 he published his translation of the re-j flections oi' Marcus Antoninus; and the next year Aristotle’sPoetics . For Ins services to literature he was appointed perpetualsecretary to the academy, rewarded with a pension of 2000 lit res,and made keeper of the cabinet of the Louvre. He died in 1722.Dac.ier and his wife renounced the Protestant religion in 1685.Besides the works abovementioiud, he translated the works ofPlato into French ; the Lives of Plutarch ; the Manual of Epicte-tus; Ac.

D,u'iER,AN r .VK,u ifeof (lie preceding, and daughter of Lc Fevre,professor ot Greek at Sauimir, where she was horn in 1631. Herfather discovering her turn for learmng, gave her a liberal educa-tion. In 1674 she published an edition of Callimachus , which

gave

>