DR A 187 DR A

curtains, ami most other things that are not carnations or landscape'.See Drawing and Painting .

DRASTIC, [terix®',] in physic, an epithet bestowed on suchmedicines as are of present efficacy, and potent in operations; andis commonly applied to emetics and cathartics.

DRAVE, a large navigable river of Germany , which rises inthe archbishopric of Saftzburg. and faiis into the Danube atEweck.

DRAUGHT, in architecture, or as it is pronounced Draft, thefigure of an intended building described on paper; wherein arelaid down, by scale and compasses, the several divisions and parti-tions of the apartments, rooms, doors, passages, conveniencies, Ac.in their due proportion. Jt is exceedingly convenient, before abuilding is begun to be raised, to have draughts of the ichnography, jor ground plot of each floor ; as also of the form and fashion of jeach front, with the windows, doors, ornaments, &c. in an ortho-graphy, or upright. Sometimes the several fronts, &c. arc taken,and represented in the same draught, to shew the effect of thewhole building : this is called a scenography, or perspective.

Draught, in medicine. See Potion.

Draught, in trade, called also Clofl' or Clouch, is a smallallowance on weighable goods, made by the king to the importer,or bv the seller to the buyer, that the weight may hold out whenthe goods are weighed again. The king allows 1 lb. draught for jgoods weighing no less than 1 Cwt. 2 lb. for goods weighing be- jtween 1 and 2 Gwt. 3 lb. for goods weighing between 2 and 3 jGwt. 4 lb. from 3 to 10 Gwt. 7 lb. from 10 to 18 Cwt. 9 lb. from ;18 to 30 or upwards. i

Draught is also used sometimes for a bill of exchange, and !commonly for an order for the payment of any sum of money due,Ac. The person who gives the order is said to draw upon the :other.

Draught IIooks, large hooks of iron, fixed on the cheeks ofa cannon carriage, two on each suit?, one near the trunnion hole, !and the other at the train, distinguished by the name of fore andbind. Large guns have draught hooks near the middle transom, ito which are fixed the chains that serve to keep the shafts of the jlimbers on a march. The fore and bind hooks are used for draw-'ing a gun backwards or forwards, by men with strong ropes, calleddraught ropes, fixed to these hooks. j

Draught Horse , in farming, a sort of coarse made horse, des- :tilled for the service of a cart or plough. !

Draugh t, to draw oil' troops from the main army, or out of oneregiment into another.

"DRAW, in the sea-language, a ship is said to draw so muchwater, according to the number of feet she sinks into it; so that if aship sinks into‘the water 18 feet perpendicularly, she is said todraw 18 feet water; and according as she draws more or less, shete said to be of more or less draught.

DRAWBACK, in commerce, certain duties, either of the cus-toms or of the excise, allowed upon the exportation of some ofour own manufactures ; or upon certain foreign merchandise, thathave paid duty on importation. The oaths of (lie merchants im-porting and exporting are required, to obtain the drawback onforeign goods, affirming the truth of the officers certificate on theentry, and the due payment of the duties: and these maybej made by the agent or husband of any corporation or company ; or, by the known servant of any merchant usually employed In mak-ing his entries, and paying his customs. hi regard to foreigngoods entered outward, if less quantity or value he fraudulentlyshipped out than what is expressed in the exporter’s certificate,the goods therein mentioned, or their value, are forfeited, and podrawback is allowed. Foreign goods exported by certificate in.order to obtain the drawback, not shipped or exported, or re-landed in Great Britain, unless in case of distress to save them fromperishing, lose the benefit of the drawback, and are forfeited, ortheir value, with the vessel, horses, carriages, &c. employed in therelanding thereof; and the personsemployed in the relanding them,or by whose privily they are rclanded, or into whose hands theyshall knowingly come, are to forfeit double the amount of thedrawback. Officers of the customs conniving at or assisting inany fraud relating to certificate goods, besides other penalties, areto forfeit their office, and suffer six months imprisonment withouthail or mainpiize ; as are also masters, or persons belonging to theships employed therein. Bonds given for the exportation of certi-ficate goods to Ireland must not he delivered up, nor drawback al~lowed for any goods, till a certificate underthe hands and seals of thecollector or comptroller, Ac.of the customs be produced, testifyingthe landing.

DRAW-BRIDGE, a bridge made after the manner of a floor,to draw up, or let down, as occasion serves, before tiie gate of atown or castle. See Bridge. A Draw-bridge may he made afterseveral different ways; hut the most common are made with pi vers,twice the length of the gate, and a foot in diameter. The inner-square is traversed with a cross, which serves for a counterpoise :and the chains which hang from the extremities of the plyers to liftup or let down the bridge, are iron or brass. In navigable riversit is sometimes necessary to make the middle arch of bridges withtwo moveable platforms, to he raised occasionally, in order to letthe masts and rigging of ships pass through. This kind of draw-bridge is represented in Plate LIV, fig, 15, where AB is the widthof the middle arch ; AL and BL, the two piers that support thedraw-bridge; one of the platforms of which is raised, and theother let down, having the beamPQiov its plyer. From the platformare suspended two moveable braces EH, EH ; which resting on the-support E, press them against the braket M, and thereby strength-en the draw-bridge. These braces are conducted to the rest b ymeans of the weight S, pulling the chain SLE .

DRAWING.

DRAWISTG is the art of justly representing the appearance of ;|objects upon a plain surface, by means of lines, shades, andshadows, formed with certain colouring materials. 'Phis art is fouud- |t’d on a knowledge of geometry and perspective: the study of botliir therefore the first step towards the attainment of the art of draw-ing. See Geometry and Perspective. Drawing has beencultivated from the earliest antiquity hut for its history, see Paint-ing .

I. Ov Materials and Instruments.

To acquire this elegant art, the learner must furnish himself withproper materials and instruments; such as black lead pencils,crayons of black, white, or red chalk, crow-quill pens, a rule andcompasses, camels hair pencils, Indian ink, Indian rubber, drawingpaper, drawing boards, &c. lie must accustom himself to hold thepencil farther from the point than he does a pen in writing; whichm ill give lum a better command of it, and contribute to render theStrokes more free anil bold. The use of the pencil is to draw the

I first outlines of the piece, as any stroke that is amiss may be easilyrubbed out; and when lie has made the sketch as correct as lie can-| with the pencil, he may then draw carefully the best outline he

I has got, with his crow-quill pen and ink ; after which he may dis-charge the pencil lines, by rubbing the piece gently with the crumbof stale bread or Indian rubber, The ink used"for this purposeshould be Indian ink ; which is much softer tlmn the common, andI does not run. By mixing it with water, it may be made to anyl degree of strength, and used in a pen like common ink. Havinggot the outline clear, his next work is to shade the piece properly,either by drawing line strokes with his pen where it requires to heshaded, or by washing it with his pencil and the Indian ink. As tohis rule and compasses, they are very rarely to be used, except inj measuring the proportions of figures after he has drawn them, to! prove whether they bi! right or not; or in houses, fortifications and| other pieces of architecture. The bed kind of drawing-boards, aramade with a frame and a moveable panne!, upon which the paperI is simply put wet, aud then forced into the frame, where it is con-fined,