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al.er having experienced ail the pleasures, follies, ami vanities oflife.
ECCLESIASTICAL Court . Sec Courts, Ecclesiastical.
Ecclesiastical State, iii geography, lately the Pope ’s do-m nions in Italv. They consisted of the following provinces:Campagna, St. Peter’s Ratrinuny, Umbria, Ancona, Urhino, Ro-magna, Bologna, and Ferrara, Avignon and Venaissin includedin tne French empire, also belonged to (lie Ecclesiastical State ; aswell as the duchy of Benevento, in Naples, which last, was the lastthat his holiness retained of his ancient dominions. The kingdomof Naples and the duchies of Parma and Placentia also held as fiefsof the papal see. Pope Paul IV . who succeeded Marcellos II. in1555, boasted, that lie had 22,800 parishes, 4400 monasteries underhis jurisdiction. In obedience to a French imperial decree of May17, 1809, the Ecclesiastical States are now annexed to the empireof France; and in Feb. 1810, divided into two departments, viz.those of Rome and Traziinene.
IX'CLESIASTIGUS, an apocryphal hook, so called, from itsbeing read in the church, ecclesia, as a hook of piety and instruc-tion, but not of infallible authority. The author was a Jew , call-ed Jesus, or Joshua, the son of Sirach . The Greeks call it theWisdom of the son of Sirach .
EGGLESTON, a town of Lancashire , 24 miles S. of Lancas-ter.^ Lon. 2. 55. \V. Lat. 53. 40. N.
ECCI.ISIS, [Exxiinr, Gr.] a luxation.
ECCO, in music hooks, signifies the repetition of part of atune, in imitation of an echo.
ECCOPROTICS, [ix and x,®;©',] such medicines as gentlvpurge the belly, so as to bring away no more than the natural ex-crements lodged in the intestines.
ECX'RINOLOG1CA, [raejiMAoyne*, Gr.] that part of medi-cine, which treats of excretions.
EC’DICI, [ixfixn,] among the ancients, patrons of cities, whodefended their rights, and took care of the public money.
ECDYSIA, an ancient festival held by the Plumtians, in ho-nour of l.atona.
EC11ALI.EXS, a town of the Helvetic republic , in the latecanton of Bern, 0 miles from Lausanne .
Echau.f.\s, a late bailiwic of Switzerland , belonging to thecantons of Bern and I'ribnrg.
ECIIAPE, [ eclmppcc , Fr. a prank,] in the manege, a horsebegot between a stallion and a mare of different breeds andcount'ies.
ECIIAPER, f ccfiapper, Er. to escape,] in the manege, a termused in the academics implying to give a horse a head, or to puton at full speed.
ECU EN E1S, the Rf.mora, in ichthyology, a genus of theorder of thoracici. Head fiat, naked, depressed, and marked witha number of transverse ridges; it has ten rays in the branchiostegemembrane ; and the body is naked. There are six species/ na-tives of the Indian ocean .
ECIIEV1N, in the late French and Dutch polity, a magistrateelected by the inhabitants of a city or town, to take care oftheir common concerns, and the decoration and cleanliness of thecitv.
ECIIINYTF.S, in natural history, the name by which au-thors call the fo-sile centronia, frequently found in our chalk pits.
Ed! INOI’IIORA, a genus of the digy ilia order, and pentan-dria class of plants ; natural order, Umbel latte. Male florets late-ral, with the central one hermaphrodite; seed one, sunk into anindurated invohtcrum. Tt lias two species.
ECU INOPS, in botany, a genus of the polygamia segregataorder, and svngenesia class of plants ; natural order, Composilte.Calyx unillorous ; corolla tubulated, hermaphrodite; receptaclebristly ; down indistinct. Five species, herbaceous plants, withalternate leaves.
•ECI1INOE YNC'IIUS, in natural history, a genus of the classand order ferine* intestina. Body round ; prolviscis cylindricalretractile, and crowned with hooked prickles. These animals arefound fixed verv firmly to the viscera of various animals, generallythe intestines ; ami often remain on the same part (hiring the lifeof the animal. There are about fifty species, divided into sec-tions : A. infesting mammalia, of this E. gigas is found in the in-testines of swine.' B. infesting birds. G. infesting reptiles. D.infesting fish.
class and order vermes mollnsca. Body roundish, covered withbony salured crust, and generally furnished with moveable spines ;mouth placed beneath, and mostly tive-valved. '1 hey are dividedinto sections, chietly distinguished by the situation of the vent.A. vent vertical ; tentacula every where simple. B. vent placedbeneath ; mouth without tentacula. G. vent lateral; mouth withpencilled tentacula. Each of these sections are subdivided.There are more than 100 species, besides varieties. Tin y are allinhabitants of the sea, and many of them have been found in a fos-sil state ; many are esculent. In old times they were a favouritedisii. They were dressed with vinegar, honied wine or mead,parsley or mint; and thought to agree with the stomach.
ECIIITES, in botany, a genusW the niouogynia order, andpentandriu class of plants; natural order, Conlortx. Follicle,two, long and straight; seeds downs ; corolla funnel-shaped, withthe throat naked. Twenty-two species, mostly natives of theWest Indies .
EC1UU.YI, Viper’s Bugloss, in botany, a genus of the mo-nogvnia order, and pentamlria class; natural order, Asperifoli*:.Corolla irregular, with the Ihroat naked. 'There are twenty-onespecies.
Echium Vui.gaiie, or Common Bugi.oss, the flowers ofwhich are very grateful to bees. It is a native of many parts ofBritain . The stem is rough with hairs and tubercles. 'I lie leavesare spear-shaped, and rough with hair.
ECHO, or EGCUO, is formed from the Greek >i •/©■•, sound-The ancients being wholly unacquainted w ith the. true cause of theecho, ascribed it to seve’ral causes sulliciently whimsical. 'Flu:poets, who were not the worst of their philosophers, pretended itwas a person of that name metamorphosed, ami that she affectedto take up her abode in particular places; for they found that shewas not to he met with every where. But the moderns, whoknew sound to consist in a certain tremor or vibration in the so-norous body communicated to the contiguous air, and by thatmeans to the ear, give a more consistent account of echo. SeeAcoustics. A tremulous body, striking on another solid body,may be repelled without destroying or diminishing its tremor;and consequently a sound may he redoubled by the resilitiou of thetremulous body, to the air. But a simple reflection of the sonor-ous air is not enough to solve the echo : for then every plain sur-face of a solid hard body, being lit to retied a voice or sound,would redouble it; which we find does not hold. To produce anecho, therefore, it should seem, that a kind of coiicamciation orvaulting were necessary, to collect, and by collecting to heightenand increase, and afterwards retlect the sound ; as we find is thecase in reflecting the rays of light, where a concave mirror is re-quired. In fact, as often as a sound strikes perpendicularly on awall, behind which is any thing of a vault or arch, or even anotherparallel wall ; so often will it be reverberated in the same line, orother adjacent ones. For an echo to be heard, therefore, it is ne-cessary that the car be in the lino of reflection: for the person whomade the sound to hear its echo, it is necessary he be perpendicu-lar to the place which reileds it: and for a manifold or tautologicalecho, it is necessary there be a number of walls, and vaults orcavities, either placed behind or fronting each other. A single archor concavity, &c.. can scarce ever stop and retied all the sound ;hut if therebe a convenient disposition behind it, part of the soundpropagated thither, being collected and reilected as before, willpresent another echo: or, if there he another concavity, opposed ata due distance to the tormev, the sound retleded from the one uponthe other will be tossed back again by this last, &c. Many of thepha-nomena of echoes are well considered by the bishop of Leighs,ike. who remarks, that any sound, falling directly or obliquely cmanv dense bodv of a smooth superficies, whether plain or arched,is reilected, or echoes, more or less. The surface, says he, mustbe smooth ; otherwise the air, by reverberation, w ill be put out olits regular motion, and the sound thereby broken and extin-guished.
Echo , is also used for the place w here the repetition of the soundis produced or heard. In echoes, the place where the speakerstands is called the centrum phonirum; and the object or placethat returns (lie voice, the centrum phoiiocamplieimi. Echoesare distinguished into two kinds; viz. Single and Tautological, orMultiple.
i. Echoes, Single, are those which return the voice but once.Of these some are Tonicai, others Polysyllabical.
1. Echoes,